Geggus, David Patrick. Haitian revolutionary studies. Essay

After the 1695 Ryswick Treaty between France and Spain, France took control of St. Domingue (Willie 2001, p 36). The legal rights bestowed upon the French gave them the jurisdictional capacity to reign over the western region of Hispaniola. Government officials from France took care of the administrative and governing bodies of St. Domingue. The Ryswick Treaty paved way for the French to colonize St. Domingue and take preeminence in virtually every fundamental aspect of the region. The social, economic and political realms of the people of St. Domingue were largely defined by the French colonial systems in place (Willie 2001, p 36). The weighty colonial systems of the French in St. Domingue led to a stratified social system, dividing the people into social classes. The Les Grand Blancs were the superior whites who consisted of the planters and royal officials of the colony. The Les Petit Blanc, considered as the lowest group of whites consisted of the artisans, shopkeepers and bookkeepers in St. Domingue. By 1789, the total umber of whites in St. Domingue was 30, 000. The Mulattoes or free coloreds, numbering 28,000 by 1789, consisted of children fathered by white French men with black women (Willie, 2012, p 38). Emancipation of the free coloreds gave them an opportunity to own slaves as their white counterparts. They possessed one third of the real estate in St. Domingue. The slaves, who numbered 450, 000 by 1789 were the least in the social ladder (Ghachem 2003, p 4; Willie 2001, p 38). They literally owned nothing and were devoid of any degree of liberty compared to the other social classes. The social stratification structure in St. Domingue resulted into social, economic and political disparities that constantly caused friction among the social classes in the social ladder. Every social class sought to defend its rights and freedoms; the quest for justice and liberty was deeply engraved in each of the social classes (Geggus 2002, p 14). A critical analysis of the perceived economic and social injustices experienced by the groups is ultimately significant in understanding the causes and aims of the St. Domingue Revolution. Indeed, a critical evaluation of the social ladder in the French colony is imperative in comprehending the causes and aims of the St. Domingue Revolution from 1791-1804. The economic demography of St. Domingue in the late 18th century               Ã‚  One cannot talk about the St. Domingue Revolution (1791-1804) without expounding on the economic demography of the then, largest French colony. Dominated by agriculture and trading relations, the French colony was indeed export motivated. The colonial economy maximized on sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo plantations. The colony had 3000 coffee plantations, 800 sugar plantations, 800 cotton plantations and 2950 indigo plantations (Willie 2001, p 36). The expansive plantations placed St. Domingue strategically among the French colonies; in fact, it was the richest plantation colony of the French. The second half of the 18th century saw St. Domingue expand to become the largest exporter of coffee and sugar in the world; this placed France at a strategic place in the world economy (Willie 2001, p 36). The increased growth and demand in the colonial economy in St. Domingue triggered the colonialists to continually restructure the plantation systems. A constant increase in the number of slaves in the colony by the colonialists fueled the destabilization of the social balance in St. Domingue. In a bid to maintain a robust and thriving colonial agricultural economy, the colonialists subjected the slaves into hard labor, which consequently eroded their state of freedom and liberties. The lowest social class in the French colony experienced social and economic deficiencies that exacerbated their poor living standards. The poor living standards meant that the mortality rate of the slaves, sky- rocketed and necessitated the capture of more slaves for the further expansion of the colonial economy. The complicated economy in late century St. Domingue saw an increase in the number of slaves, which led to slave insurrections prior to 1791(Marsh and Nicola 2011, p 21). The desire of the slaves to attain freedom and liberty precipitated the St. Domingue revolution that historians claim changed the landscape of world affairs, and contributed to the demise of slavery. Hence, the social imbalance created by the economic demography of St. Domingue led to the inception of the revolution. The economic and social disparities of the social groups               Ã‚  Economic and social disparities were at the height of the causes and aims of the St. Domingue revolution (Geggus 2002 p 14). The social classes often clashed with one another in a bid to secure their social, economic and political justices. However, this was not an easy endeavor; hence, precipitating repeated crises that brought social and economic imbalances in the colony. The colonial masters sought to maintain the colony’s economic valor, and for this to happen, the relentless friction among the social clashes continued inevitably. Certainly, the social ladder triggered disparities that heightened the imbalances in the colony. The Les Grant Blancs who were born in the colony expressed feelings of discontent against the whites born from France, their motherland. The whites from France took charge of the most important government offices in the colony. The whites born in the colony (creoles) expressed dissatisfaction because they wanted to participate effectively in the government (Geggus 2002, p 6). The inability of the Les Grant Blancs to have a greater autonomy in the running of the colonial administration affected their social status in the colony. The group perceived that being on top of the social ladder deemed it right to have autonomy over the affairs of the colony. The planters and wealthy members of the group perceived that the ceremonial positions they were given in the assembly was not tantamount to their social status. The reduction of their status to minor aristocrats precipitated their desire to command more grounding against the European-born colonialists. As a result, there was a social stru ggle and imbalance as the group sought to gain the legal rights of controlling the colony. The Les Grant Blancs also wanted to have the freedom of trade. As the plantation owners, they wanted to have more economic autonomy from the proceeds of their produce. Apparently, the colonialists controlled the produce from the island, which was its major asset because of the strategic economic benefits associated with it. The French government introduced the Exclusive trade system, which ensured that the control of goods had to come exclusively from France. Moreover, the high taxation levied on the colony did not auger well with the group. The white plantation owners continually sought to have economic independence from the French government and the colonial administrators. The economic struggles between the Les Grant Blancs and the royal French colonial administrators brought economic imbalances that often threatened the integration of the groups. The white planters saw that the economic advances were creating injustices that needed to be addressed. According to Willie (2001, p 39 ), the Les Grant Blancs believed that the colony officials wasted St. Domingue’s resources. Therefore, the plantation owners and members of the assembly constantly attacked the executive officials from France. It was widely acknowledged that the wealth of the French colonies was primarily meant to benefit France, but not the colonies. This brought mixed reactions in the colony, with the superior whites advocating for the abolishment of heavy taxes and a greater control of the colony’s trade relations. The Les Petit Blanc consisting of poor white men did not have good relations with their rich counterparts. The social disparities between the two groups caused sharp conflicts that often resulted into physical violence. The Les Petit Blanc did not like the fact that their rich counterparts had immense wealth, which they could only imagine. The privileges that the Les Grant Blancs enjoyed created a stratified social structure that made the Les Petit Blanc inferior. The Mulattoes or free coloreds were also inferior to the wealthy planters and civil officers. The interaction between the poor whites and the Mulattoes as well as the slaves made the rich whites to perceive them as less important in the economic status of the colony. The economic and social superiority of the rich whites resulted into strained relationships between them and the â€Å"Les Petit Blancs†. Undoubtedly, the strained relationships stemmed from the economic and social disparities of the colony’s stru cture. Of importance still, is the relationship between the whites and the Mulattoes/ free coloureds. The disparities between the social classes came because of the economic and social characteristics of the Mulattoes. The free coloureds were seen as extremely ambitious and a threat to the social and economic dominance of the whites. They were strong and showed great prospects of social mobility and capacity to compete with the whites. Additionally, most of the Mulattoes were highly educated; hence, posing challenges to the dominant whites. The whites did not like the fast-rising nature of the free coloureds; they wanted them to remain inferior to them and settle at the bottom of the social class ladder. The social and economic disparities between the groups caused numerous conflicts that destabilized the power of the colonial administration. Due to the massive influence of the Mulattoes/free coloureds, the colonial legislature introduced strict laws to limit their influence (James 1963, p 97). The enacted laws forbade them from holding public office, joining the colonial army, wearing European clothes, organizing social functions, marrying whites and residing in France. They were also forced to work for free for a certain number of days per year, according to the French law. The free coloureds were economically and socially deprived of their rights because of their race and their prospects of social mobility. The Mulattoes did not agree with the social and economic injustices committed against them; hence, they sought to find for their rights (Ott 1987, p 67). These factors caused tensions between the whites and the Mulattoes and consequently led to the intense fighting between the groups in 1791. The slaves, majorly from African origin were subjected to hard labor and deprivation of their rights as humans. They were the lowest in the social ladder, and yielded nothing in respect to their social and economic statuses. They experienced harsh conditions subjected to them by the superiors. The economic and social disparities between them and the other groups denied them the opportunity to enjoy their rights and dignity. In 1791, as the Les Blancs, Les Petit Blanc and free coloureds were fighting one another because of the prevalent social and economic disparities, the slaves maximized on the opportunity to start revolts in St. Domingue (James 1963, p 110). The slaves, favored by their numbers, fought against the whites and free coloureds because of the torments they faced as inferiors in St. Domingue. Undeniably, the social and economic disparities among the social classes in the colony contributed greatly in the St. Domingue Revolution. The Declaration of Rights of Men               Ã‚  The Declaration of Rights of Men of 1789 was an instrumental document of the French Revolution in the expression of human rights. The document played a vital role in the establishment of the fundamental human rights that have continued to influence the modern world. In the wake of the French Revolution, there was need for setting up of laws that recognized the basic human rights and the equality of all people before the law. The declaration came at a time when rights and liberties were highly violated at the merit of a few. The French Revolution sought to fight for liberty, equality and fraternity rights (Manigat 1977, p 420). Certainly, the Declaration of the Rights of Men played a dominant role in the start of St. Domingue Revolution. After the document brought the realization of human rights and universal laws in France, the social classes in St. Domingue sought to fight for their rights and privileges in a highly stratified colony. The Les Blancs wanted the right to makes laws, the abolishment of trading restrictions from France and wanted to have social equality with the French whites. They also wanted the scrubbing off, of royal bureaucracies in St. Domingue. The Declaration of the Rights of Men inspired the free coloureds to fight for social and political rights and the abolishment of discrimination. On the other hand, the slaves fought for their personal freedom from the oppression by the other social classes. Based on the discussion above, it is worth noting that the Declaration of the Rights of Men inspired the St. Domingue Revolution. Conclusion               Ã‚  In conclusion, it is notable to assert that the St. Domingue Revolution (1791-1804) was because of various factors. Social and economic disparities in the colony were a major factor in the start of the revolt that certainly ended slavery in the island. The social classes that lived in St. Domingue often clashed in respect to the economic and social factors defining them. The deprivation of rights and liberties among the social groups led to conflicts that often turned physical. The need for economic and social rights and the quest for justice in the late 18th century St. Domingue led to a successful slave revolt that resulted into the birth of the nation of Haiti. As historians put it, the St. Domingue Revolution was significant in defining the history of European colonialism. Indeed, the upheaval is significant in understanding the history of French imperialism. References Geggus, David Patrick. Haitian revolutionary studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2002.Ghachem, Malick W. Slavery and citizenship in the age of the Atlantic revolutions. Alfred, N.Y.: Alfred University, 2003. Print. Ghachem, Malick W. The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print. James, C. L. R. â€Å"Parliament and Property.† In The Black Jacobins; Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. Second Ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1963 Willie, Doris. â€Å"Renaissance and Revolt.† In Lest you forget: a study and revision guide for CXC Caribbean History. Kingston, Jamaica: Jamaica Pub. House, 2001. 38-65 Manigat, Leslie F. â€Å"The Relationship between Marronage and Slave Revolts and Revolution In St. Domingue-Haiti.† Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 292, no. 1 Comparative P (1977): 420-438.Marsh, Kate, and Nicola Frith. France’s lost empires: fragmentation, nostalgia, and la fracture coloniale. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2011.Ott, Thomas O. The Haitian revolution, 1789-1804. 1st ed. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987. Source document

Mark Bittman: Man v. Meat

As the spokesperson In the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat, Blatant expresses his once about negative ecological and health impacts of our current food regimen. He describes our modern diet as, â€Å"overwhelmingly meat-centered and hooked on fast food† (TED). Meat's role In our society is massive, and knowing more about it is crucial. When Batman delivers the â€Å"stinging condemnation† of the way we eat now, and many worldwide were listening.Mark Batman's argument, on how eating as much meat and Junk food as we do is negatively affecting the health of our planet and ourselves, is accurate and credible, because of his extensive background in the food Industry and the valid evidence that ties his claim altogether. What Is It about Mark Bellman's great background In the food Industry that makes his argument even more so probable? Well, throughout his career, he has won several awards from the James Beard Foundation and the International Association of Culinary Professionals for his writing and his television series, Batman Takes on America's Chefs. The Beard Awards are the highest honor for food and beverage professionals working In North America. † (lames Beard Foundation) Mark Batman was recognized, for being a culinary professional who had shown excellence and achievement in his field. The CAP Cookbook Awards honor the authors, publishers, and other contributors behind the best of cookbooks published each year† (CAP). Due to this acknowledgement, Blatant now holds â€Å"a coveted mark of distinction† (CAP).According to, the highly awarded journalist and author, Michael Pollen, Mark Batman is one of â€Å"The World's 7 Most Powerful Bodies,† an honor that Batman shared with First Lady Michelle Obama (EGG). In order for Batman to get where he Is currently, he had to work hard and lobby for his position. In 201 2, he was the only regularly-appearing opinion penman in a leading newspaper in the united States, writing rather much exclusively about food, for the most prime paper in the country and one of the most major papers in the world (ICE, 2012).Evidently, due to the outstanding highlights of Mark Batman's food career, he Is a credible source. 1 OF 7 it is now time to take a look at the research that completely ties the claims that he makes together. Other than in the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What is wrong with what we eat, in an interview with the Institute of Culinary Education, the â€Å"food columnist† continually argues that eating meat is a big problem for the food system.Batman lams that, â€Å"If we had stricter laws on the treatment of animals, and better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals, better waste disposal systems, better environmental controls, it would make meat much more expensive, and if we made meat much more expensive, then sustainable meat and meat raised non-industrially would be more competitively priced† (ICE, 2012). As a result, of higher meat prices, meat consumption rates would decrease. By consuming less meat, the generation of the world's greenhouse gases would also decrease, (Batman, 2008) because eating meat is what is â€Å"destroying our environment† (PETA).Although PETA is a bias source, this statement can easily be proven as correct. Validated through research, what we eat contributes â€Å"more greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO), methane, nitrous oxide, and the like to spew into the atmosphere than either transportation or industry' (Filial, 2009). Many underestimate the importance of eating less meat, over half of the carbon footprint of the average American diet comes from animal products (Take Extinction off of Your Plate). While watching the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat, I was shocked how big of an impact eating eat has on the Earth and the people who inhabit it.When Batman mentioned that meat was more of a concern than transportation, I started to think bac k to the time when many CEO-friendly people would bike or walk places instead of spreading around â€Å"car pollution. † They, like my past self, had no idea that eating less meat does more than not driving a car. Mark Batman's claim within his concern is accurate, because of the various studies of the negative impacts of meat consumption on our environment. Logically, if eating meat affects something as big as the Earth, it would have a bigger effect on our overall being as well.To back up Mark Batman's claim about how we should have â€Å"better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals†, science-writing intern Cassandra Brooks states that, â€Å"the administration of antibiotics causes health problems, so much so that it can result in antibiotic-resistant bacteria that threaten the usefulness of medicines that treat people. † That must be one of the key reasons why meat eaters experience more health problems. â€Å"Harvard studies showed that daily meat eaters have approximately three times the colon cancer risk, compared to those who rarely eat meat. † Eating meat encourages the growth of cancer, (ThePhysicians Committee) while plant-based diets promotes a healthy lifestyle that reduces such negative health impacts (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Diets that are rich in fiber, such as a Vegetarian diet, speeds the passage of food through the colon, effectively removing carcinogens, changing the type of bacteria that is present in the intestine, so that there is a reduced production of carcinogenic secondary bile acids. Anti-cancer compounds. Those reasons explain why, vegetarians are at the lowest risk for cancer and have a significantly reduced risk compared to meat-eaters (The Physicians Committee).According to new research in Austrian vegetarians, â€Å"Many people who go vegetarian do so because they are experiencing health problems† (Messing, 2014). Eating meat as we do is killing us, and according to Dry. Frank Huh, c o-author of a new Harvard study on the topic, what is new â€Å"is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption. † The magnitude for processed meat is even greater than that. The Harvard study concluded that one serving of red meat a day increases the risk of early death by 13 percent. The same single daily serving of processed meat (like bacon or hot dog) increases that risk by 20 percent.And â€Å"one serving† means that little deck-of-cards sized lump that doesn't satisfy anyone over the age of 10. Huh acknowledged that â€Å"it's not really surprising because red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. What is surprising is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption† (Hoffman, 2014). There are both pros and cons when it comes to eating or not eating meat, but the cons of not eating meat are easier to fix than the health rela ted problems that come with eating meat.Eating less or no meat requires change, real change that involves having a clear understanding of meat's critical role in our lives. Just knowing how negative the impacts of eating meat are to the overall health of each person and the evidence that proves it, Mark Batman's claim stands true. Real change in the right direction something that Mark Batman predicts will eventually occur and he believes that his solution to tax Junk food will enable that. The money that comes from taxing Junk food, would be used to subsidize public health measures like making fruits and vegetables less expensive and more widely accessible.Batman compares this change in food to, great strides for minorities, the establishment of Medicare, and tremendous strides for women. By regulating Cafes Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and taxing Junk, Batman presumes that change is going to happen, and assumes that we are Just too impatient. He believes that the change t hat we want to see is not coming as quickly as we would like it to, and the thing that we need to realize is that real change is a slow process (Ottawa). It took over 20 years, in order to revise nutrition labels.That revision had a â€Å"dramatic effect on what people choose to eat and drink and what products sell in permeates† (Museum Chaw and Thompson). With this improvement, people felt less defeated, now that they had a clearer understanding of the labels and could differentiate between items such as sugars, natural and added. We need to educate the lost by, discouraging the consumption of bad food and encouraging the consumption of good food (Batman, 2012). Previously, before label and other food changes, consumers would Just eat items without knowing what they Just ate.Due to their lack of understanding and the companies' lack of clarification, people would eat more than they needed, resulting in an unhealthy body weight. As someone who likes labels, especially when I am trying to stick to a healthy diet. To avoid the defeat, I would have to do the majority of my cooking at home, homemade. Due to the validated knowledge that has been brought to my attention, I believe that Mark Batman's argument is solid. In Mark Batman's Ted Talk he helps the viewers understand the importance of home cooking and how straying away from it might seem easy, but not at all as healthy as actually knowing what they are eating.Batman states that, â€Å"It is really important to be a home cook,† and informs us that throughout history we have lost that concept. Between the years of 1950-2000, many were sucked into the idea of convenience and the quality of home cooked meals â€Å"was down the tubes† (Batman, 2012) Fewer meals consisted of home cooked breads, desserts and soups, because it all could be purchased at any store. In the ass, women began to enter the workforce, and due to a lack of time and patience, they brought home store bought meals for their families.Home cooking was in a bad state, due to the appealing contents in convenient foods (Batman, 2007). In order for healthy home cooked meals to recycle back up the food chain, â€Å"We need to start acting. We need to start eating and cooking with less meat. Instead of going for meat, go for healthier proteins, such as nuts. â€Å"The time has come to stop raising them industrially and stop eating them thoughtlessly' (Batman. 2007). We need to start considering the piece of ham on our breakfast plates, and where it came from before it lands on our grocery store shelves (Brooks).Knowing that eating meat is hazardous, makes me not regret my choice of becoming a vegetarian. This knowledge is not something that should be kept to myself. I feel safe, and feel as if it is my moral obligation to inform meat eaters of the deadly consequences that they redundantly face, like Mark Batman does. I would gladly recommend meat eaters, especially those who do it excessively and thoughtles sly, to watch the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat. His talk is based off of research that has been done by credible sources such as Batman himself, and I am in agreement with his valid claim.

Prescriber information

The doctor's name, address and phone number should be clearly written (or preprinted) on the top of the prescription form. Some states require the doctor's state license number to be on the form. It is not recommended that you preprint your Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) number on the prescription pad. It becomes too easy for drug abusers to lift a few prescription forms for illicit use if that number is easily available.The DEA number is not required on noncontrolled prescriptions; however, many pharmacies may equest the DEA number with a prescription to help when filing the patient's medication insurance claims. For those who do not use their DEA number: Prescriptions are often counted by the DEA number. If that number is not used on prescriptions written by optometrists, the count will not reflect an accurate number of prescriptions coming from our profession. This will affect the support optometry receives from pharmaceutical companies in terms of service, educational prog ram support and involvement in pharmaceutical clinical trials. . Patient information: This portion of the prescription should include at least the first and last name of the atient and the age of the patient. Many names such as â€Å"Smith† and â€Å"Jones† should include the complete name and address to help distinguish patients with similar names. An address is required on schedule II controlled drugs and should be included on prescriptions for any controlled substance. When the exact age is unavailable the word â€Å"adult† may be used in the age slot. Children and the elderly may need the weight listed when oral medications are prescribed. 3.Date prescribed: The date is part of the legal document confirming when the prescription was written. Pharmacists are often presented prescriptions with dates that are well ast the prescribing date. Some patients elect to save prescriptions for future use. This often includes antihistamines and antibiotics that may not b e indicated or are even dangerous for the patient's present condition. 4. Superscription: This is the Rx symbol on the prescription form that designates the written document to be a prescription. Rx is an abbreviation for a Latin phrase that means â€Å"take thou. 5. Inscription: An inscription includes the drug name, concentration and type of preparation. Drug names should not be abbreviated and correct spelling is important to assure that the correct medication is dispensed. Maxitrol (neomycin and polymyxin b sulfates and dexamethasone, Alcon) and Tobra Dex (tobramycin and dexamethasone, Alcon) are examples of drugs that are prepared in ointment (ung) or drop (gt) form. Cortisporin (neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates, bacitracin zinc and hydrocortisone, Glaxo Wellcome) comes in ophthalmic and otic (ear drops) preparations.Specify which preparation you wish the patient to use. Drug names can be written using the chemical name, such as ciprofloxacin 0. 3% (Ciloxan, Alcon) or the pro prietary form that requests a specific brand name drug. This preparation is still nder patent, so if you use either name the pharmacy will provide the product manufactured by Alcon. Tobramycin has recently come off patent. If you prescribe â€Å"Tobrex† the patient should receive the drug manufactured by Alcon unless you â€Å"tobramycin,† the patient will likely receive the generic form of the drug.Homatropine and pilocarpine come in different concentrations. It is good practice to always specify the concentration, even if the drug comes in only one concentration. That drug may come in other concentrations in the future. Concentration and preparation form should be written Just to the right of the drug name. Use the metric system of weights and measures. To avoid misinterpretation of the preparation strength, follow this standard in writing percentages: If the percent is less than one, always precede the decimal with a zero, such as 0. 1% or 0. 05%.

Kaplan and Norton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Week 12-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Week 12-business - Essay Example The range of values of satisfaction for the variable can range from a minimum of 3 to a maximum of 15. The chi – square is test for significant difference in satisfaction between gender and majors. The hypothesis tested by the chi-square is to determine whether different samples are different enough in some characteristic. b). The statistical test to be used in the case is probability test. The variables are gender which is a dependent variable and majors which are independent variables (Weisberg 2005). The probability test articulates that there is no interaction because there is an intersection among the three majors (finance, accounting and management) among the male and female. /e) where 0 is observed data and e is expected data. The variables are gender which is a dependent variable and the majors (finance, accounting and management). If the chi-square value obtained is larger than critical value at any chosen probability fault threshold, then data presented statistical significant correlation between the variables that are used in the test (Walker & SAS Institute2010). In regression -0.3 to 0 shows a weak spread, 0 to 0.3 shows a moderate spread of data along the regression line and above 0.3 shows a concentrated spread about the regression line. So 0.3 shows a moderate spread around the regression line. Kurtosis is the measure of skewness. A zero kurtosis is mesokurtic, a positive kurtosis is leptokurtic and negative kurtosis is platykurtic. Therefore, kurtosis = 0.3 is mesokurtic which is a normal distribution. Durbin Watson statistic has values from 0 to 4. Where by value 2 show no autocorrelation in a sample selected. Any value approaching 0 shows positive autocorrelation while 4 shows a negative autocorrelation. So in this case d=0.3 indicates a positive autocorrelation. Shapiro – wilks w is a measure of normality of random sample. For instance if the value of p is more than 0.05 then it assumed to have a normal distribution

Escape from Tomorrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Information Technology - Essay Example They target a limited range in which they work and catch the signals. But mobile phone has a technology to support the user to attend and make calls through any network throughout the world. The mobile phone doesn’t only support calls but also other features which are part of their serves. There are many build in services in cell phones for customers and there are many other services provide by cellular networks. Some of them are SMS, emails, GPRS, instant messaging, infrared, Bluetooth, gaming and MMS. Now mobile phones also feature entertainment accessories like MP3 player, video player, radio and camera. Those mobile phones which have modern advanced technology with different features are also known as smartphones The first mobile phone was made by Dr. Martin Cooper from the company Motorola in 1973. That handset weighted almost 2 kg. The company Motorola released the first mobile phone commercially in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x. In year 1990 almost 12.4 million people all around the world started using cell phones. And by 2009, the number of cell phone customers reached to 4.6 billion. Before the invention of mobile phones other wireless phones were in use of military or intelligence organizations; such as radio phones and codeless phones. These phone were wireless but had a limited access and usage. They didn’t have wide range and were not very handy. They were heavy in weigh and were quite costly as well. Mobile phones are now becoming customized with new features. These features are making the mobile phones more useable. With each new technology mobile phone are becoming portable and useful. Now with the developing technology the mobile phone has become the necessity of person’s life. And they are also fulfilling the necessities of a person very well. Now we have our entire contact list in our hand to which we can contact anywhere. It also gives us entertainment in our

Annual Marketing Plan Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annual Marketing Plan Nokia - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the cell phone industry is becoming increasingly competitive as different competitors are coming up with newer products with the aim of taking more and more market share. The needs of the customers have also become sophisticated and now they are demanding better features. In the midst of all this, Nokia is constantly losing market share to rival companies. Apple, Google, HTC, and Samsung are all making inroads into the cell phone industry. These companies have challenged the market leadership of Nokia and in turn have reduced the sales of the company significantly. The situation demands that Nokia acts immediately if the company wants to remain active in the market for a long period. Analysts have suggested lower pricing as the main reason behind company’s low profits. Nokia, in the wake of all the new, had to lower prices in order to compete. This had a toll on the profits of the company. On the other hand Apple and Google are already shrinki ng the market by targeting the youth. The overall situation is developing to be disastrous for the company. Nokia was once the 5th most valuable brand of the world, but now it has plummeted to 79th. This is evidence of the declining situation of the company. Nokia has to invest in its marketing campaign vigorously in order to retain its position in the market. The problem is lower pricing and that can be solved by creating a brand value. Nokia has to create a sense of value for the customers and only then it can justify its higher prices. The product line of the company is the widest in the industry so the problem is not with the products; rather it is with the marketing strategy of the company. The main marketing objective must be to enhance the brand image of the company in the eyes of the users. The main concern for the company should be the emerging markets of Asia where population is growing. The younger population of Asian markets should be targeted by Nokia through marketing campaigns and features of different cell phones should be communicated to the youth. The main aim of the company should be to do away with price based competition with smaller brands. Pricing should be higher than smaller brands and lower than Apple and Google. This pricing can attract major chunk of the market and Nokia should attempt to cash in this market. The strategy of Nokia should be to provide value to the customers beyond lower pricing. People buy Apple even though it is highly priced just because they expect greater value in return. Nokia is also developing cell phones that are of superior quality but it is essential to communicate this to the customers. The company is currently lowering its prices in India as compared to the prices of similar models in other countries (Daga, 2007). Actually the strategy should be to create a sense of higher quality and then charge a premium for that superior quality from the customers. A total of change in company’s marketing dynam ics is needed. Nokia should adopt a more youth oriented approach in its marketing campaigns. The company has very recently announced smart phones with Windows. The company is also changing its marketing appeal with more focus on the younger population (O’Reilly, 2011). Similar tactics should be used to gain more market share all around the world. Nokia should design similar specific campaigns for different models. Customers should know that Nokia is also a valuable brand like Apple and Google. The new Windows smart phones of Nokia are also not being sold for at least a couple of months outside United States (Velazco, 2011). This is a good step that will enable Nokia to focus on US markets. The company can also gain valuable customer insights before going to international markets. Nokia will have to invest heavily in its marketing campaigns. The products should be advertised heavily using social networking

Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics-Case Study Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics-Case Study - Essay Example This has brought forth the term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implying the moral and social welfare promoting aspects that a modern day corporate must posses besides its financial or profit making goals. In a single sentence Corporate Social Responsibility is the culmination of the duties towards the stakeholders that encompasses promotion of social welfare, moral development and sustainable environmental safety. Brief analysis of Bhopal Gas Disaster: The majority of the Indian population lies under the poverty line and are technologically backward. 26 years earlier when the disaster took place the situation was even worse. Furthermore the concerned state Madhya Pradesh was regarded as one of the least developed states of India where the labourers were equipped with little technical expertise. This background does not confer the mentioned state as an ideal place to establish a plant that would eventually be handling a substance as toxic as Methyl Isocyanides. The concerned co mpany Union Carbide ignored these technical issues and made a grave mistake in terms of the strategic management and planning. However, the mistakes made that way become the outcome of greedy business steps when the availability of cheap labours that were hired in the process is taken into account. Ignoring technological impediments regarding the poor standards of the knowledge base of the labourers along with the ignorance of environmental standard those were needed to set a plant of such a complex technology at that place in search of financial gain is the brief but ultimate verdict of the Bhopal disaster. Ans 1 An issue dependent and logical reasoning of blaming Mr. Warren Anderson Once the dreadful early December (December 2 and 3) of 1984 was passed claiming thousands of lives, the famous or infamous chairman of Union Carbide Mr. Warren Anderson was immediately taken into custody in charge of sheer negligence of corporate responsibility. Ironically the person who was responsibl e for thousands of death soon got a personal bail of only USD3000 and came out of custody. Anderson then carried out some sort of investigation that came out with dubious results. On one instance Anderson blamed the entire management team of the company for their negligence that brought the catastrophe and on another instance he gave a much narrowed version while blaming the local plant operation manager alone. (Camino, 1989, p 3; Peterson, 1985, pp. 196-197) Whatever doubtful is the explanation of Mr. Anderson; owing to a political-corporate nexus that is like any other country is operative in India as well; Mr. Anderson was protected and managed to get back to his country USA. Questions had been raised against the then Prime Minister of India Mr. Rajiv Gandhi for protecting and eventually helping him to get back to his country. 26 years later of that event, Mr. Arjun Singh the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh though turned down all these allegations against the late Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi; yet pleaded against the heinous acts of Anderson and raised his voice for the immediate arrest of him. Mr. Singh requested the present Prime Minister Mr. Manmohan Singh to initiate a talk with the USA President Mr. Barrack Obama regarding the extradition of Anderson to India where he can be prosecuted for killing of thousands of Indians in front of an Indian court. (Arjun Singh breaks silence on Bhopal gas tragedy, Aug 11, 2010) Owing to the growing agitation regarding

New HIPAA Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New HIPAA - Term Paper Example It is codified under Part 160 and subsections C, D and E of the Act document. Negligence and ignorance towards privacy and security standards under the HIPAA act accounts to civil penalty coming under general category and amounts to fines of up to $ 25K for all violations within a year. In case of willful negligence and wrongful misuse of patient’s healthcare information, it is considered as a criminal offense under HIPAA and both fines and imprisonment apply. The fine can reach up to the limit of $ 250 K and imprisonment of maximum 10 years or both (McGraw Hill n.d). HIPAA generates awareness amongst healthcare consumers regarding the safety of their private and confidential information and knowing about who is handling that information. With fast paced technological advancement in medical field, use of patient’s private information can be made in medical research, reproductive rights or developing any new medicine or treatment. In this regard, HIPAA mandates both the practitioners and patients of the importance of the healthcare information and its

Concept of Compounding DQ2 Positive NPV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Concept of Compounding DQ2 Positive NPV - Essay Example d amount of money or an expected cash flow; for instance if a person has $500 that money will be worth less in the future because money depreciates due to the effect of inflation. Based on the time value of money present value table $500 discounted at 3% will be worth $431.30 five years from now (Besley & Brigham, 2000). The NPV value technique is often used by managers when making decisions regarding capital projects. A project should only be accepted if its NPV is above cero (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). A positive net present value is the desirable outcome. When the NPV is negative a project should be rejected because a company would lose money by accepting such a project. The process to calculate net present value involves the use of present value tables to find the factoring factor. Another way to calculate the present value of an amount of money is by using financial calculators. Graphic calculators such as the Ti-89 titanium have integrated financial calculators in its systems which are very easy to use. The discounting rate a company uses depends on the risk the company is willing to take. Some companies require a higher discounting rate than others due to the industry in which they

French and Indian War Essay Example for Free

French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian war has altered the relationship between Britain and its American colonies in many ways. The three main ways their relationship had been altered were politically, ideologically and economically. After the French and Indian War the British passed a series of laws and taxes that the colonist didn’t agree with. As a result of these laws and taxes being passed the colonist began to rebel against British rule. This rebellion would eventually lead to the Revolutionary War which would allow Americans to gain independence. Ideology is the combination of ideas that affects goals, actions or expectations. After the French and Indian war American ideology greatly changed. Before and during the war Britain had a lot of support from the American colonies. This is shown through document B as George Washington a typical colonist at the time was willing to support Britain in the war. As the war continued the ideals that the colonist lived by began to change. The colonist started to feel that Britain wasn’t doing enough to help them out. This is seen in document D, where colonist began to feel that they were â€Å"debarred [denied] English liberties† even though they were English citizens. This causes the British to begin to lose the support of the American colonist. Economics is the effects of money on a country. At this point in time the colonies were still under control of British rule and their money went mostly to the British government. During the war Britain went into debt and expected the colonist to repay the debt. Britain would make the colonist pay through taxes like the stamp act. The colonist strongly voiced their opinion on the stamp act even though they remained loyal to the British government, as seen in documents G and H. Although the colonists were against the taxes forced on them the British government continued to find different ways to raise taxes against them, as shown in document F. The French and Indian war was greatly influenced by political involvement. All of the groups involved felt they had rights to North American land. The first of these groups that felt that they should control the land were the Native Americans this is shown through document B as a native chief argued  the natives rights to the land. After the war the British had overwhelming control over North America as shown in document A. Even though the war was over there were still conflicts west of the Appalachian Mountains that led to the proclamation of 1763 which banned the colonist to settle on the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The colonist did not support this they felt they deserved it after they helped defeat the French and Indians in the French and Indian war. This is shown in document E. During and after the French and Indian war ideological, political and economic views between the colonist and the British would greatly change. This change would eventually cause the colonist to rebel against British laws and taxes. The British would try to take control of the colonist and to make sure the colonist listened Britain passed the intolerable acts. This brought more anger among the colonist and would eventually lead to the revolutionary war only 12 years after the French and Indian war ended.

Immediate Dentin Sealing Of Crown Health And Social Care Essay

Immediate Dentin Sealing Of Crown Health And Social Care Essay Background: Dental crowns are ideal restoration to protect teeth that have been extremely worn down, broken, weakened by caries, and heavily filled or root canal treated. They can be also used for aesthetic purposes. Full crown preparation requires more tooth removal than other restorations and is associated with dentine exposure. When a two-stage crown fabrication is planned, there is a risk of bacterial contamination of the pulpal tissue through dentine and eventually vitality loss. The main objective of this protocol is to assess whether immediate sealing of the exposed dentine surface following crown preparation of back teeth can lead to a decrease in microleakage and bacterial infiltration from the oral environment. Methods: This protocol, immediate dentine sealing of crown preparations, demonstrates a model for a one year, three years and six years follow-up, in-vivo, randomised controlled trial with a balanced treatment allocation of 1:1 (immediate dentine sealing vs. delayed sealing). The treatment will include tooth preparation, impression taking, temporary crown placement and full crown fit on a posterior tooth. Discussion: The results of the study would provide insight into the question of whether immediate sealing of dentine after crown preparation reduces the bacterial ingression and incidence of vitality loss of teeth. The results would also help to provide evidence based suggestions for clinicians and other researchers. Overview This dissertation consists of literature review and a representation of the study design and methodology, followed by data management, statistical analysis and quality assurance of proposed study. Other sections are allocated to ethical consideration and reflection on thesis procedure. DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT The author of this dissertation (including any appendices and/or schedules to this dissertation) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the Copyright) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. Copies of this dissertation, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has entered into. This page must form part of any such copies made. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the Intellectual Property) and any reproductions of copyright works in the dissertation, for example graphs and tables (Reproductions), which may be described in this dissertation, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this dissertation, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Dissertation restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Librarys regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The Universitys Guidance for the Presentation of Dissertations. Acknowledgements I have great pleasure to express my gratitude to my Tutor (Juliette Kendall). She has been most helpful and supportive throughout. Introduction, Research question and PICO 1.1 Introduction Restoring teeth with full-coverage crowns is a routine treatment in general dental practice. This normally requires two visits, one for crown preparation and impression taking and one for final cementation of the crown once the restoration has been produced in the dental laboratory. Provisional crowns which will be provided to protect the tooth between two visits could cause problems since they are not bonded to the prepared tooth surface permanently and require removal prior to final cementation. Problems may occur if the bacteria from oral cavity gain access to the pulpal tissue. The consequence could be pulp inflammation or even irreversible pulp infection, which requires endodontic treatment. There are some evidence in the literature that suggests that applying a sealant material on the freshly prepared teeth may reduce the invasion of the pulp by bacteria (Magne et al., 2007). Any effort needs to be made to reduce the risk of vitality loss in teeth requiring a full-coverage crow n. There are other alternatives to reduce the bacterial ingression like CAD/CAM technology. This method allows restoring a tooth with a crown in a single visit. Reis 2006 believes that using this system may decrease the possibility of bacterial infection of the pulp as there is no need for provisional coverage of the prepared tooth. 1.2 Research question Protecting the exposed dentine with a sealant after a crown preparation requires some additional steps and is more expense and time-consuming than the traditional procedure. The research question is if it is clinically necessary to seal the exposed dentine immediately after the preparation with a dentine sealing agent or not. 1.3 PICO Population: NHS and private patients between the age of 18 and 58 years of age in general dental practice requiring full-coverage crowns of a posterior tooth. Intervention: Sealing the exposed dentine of prepared teeth for full crown coverage with a dentine sealing agent instantly after the preparation before taking a final impression and temporisation. Control: Not sealing the exposed dentine of prepared teeth for full crown coverage with a dentine sealing agent instantly after the preparation. Outcome measure: Comparing the vitality loss of the prepared teeth for full crown restoration at one year, three years and six years. Aims and objectives Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of instant sealing of posterior teeth prepared for full crown coverage prior to impression taking and temporisation in terms of vitality loss compared with teeth without any sealant application. Objectives: The primary objective is to assess whether an instant sealing of prepared posterior teeth for full crown restorations with a dentine sealant results in a reduction in vitality loss. To organise a clinical trial and to allocate two groups of participants (NHS and private) aged between 18 and 58 requiring a crown on a posterior tooth. One group will have their prepared teeth covered and one group not. To analyse the achieved data and to determine whether there is a difference between groups in terms of loss of vitality. Literature review 3.1 Introduction The assumption of this protocol is the proposition that the instantaneous sealing of exposed dentine after crown preparation, will help against the bacterial contamination of the pulpal tissue and decreases the probability of the treated tooth requiring root canal treatment in the future. 3.2 Search Strategy The strategy conducted for this literature review included an electronic search of the following databases: EMBASE (1995 Oct 2011), MEDLINE (1995 Oct 2011) and Cochrane Library. The reference list includes hand-searched articles and key journals related to researching. Key words: REFER TO KEY WORD EITHER HERE OR APPENIX 3.3 Background Where tooth destruction by dental disease is extensive, restoration may only be possible with full coverage restorations or crowns. There is a big number of NHS and private patients in UK requiring a full coverage of posterior teeth due to failed huge previous restorations, fractured cusps or following a root canal therapy. Tooth preparation for full coverage crown requires more tooth removal than other restorations. It should be carried out in a conservative way. The reason is to reduce the post-preparation sensitivity and pulp tissue protection in vital teeth and to maximise the remaining tooth structure. 3.4 Crown Preparation and pulp Health of pulp tissue can be affected by any restorative treatment. This is due to a continuous extension between dentinal and pulpal fluid (Pashley 1992). Preparation for a full-coverage restoration requires removal of most of the enamel resulting in an exposed dentine surface and may affect the pulp. In one study by Jackson et al. (1992) irreversible pulpitis occurred in 5.7% of cases in which crowns were placed. The bigger the exposed dentine surfaces during tooth preparation like for a crown, the greater the risk of bacterial infiltration from the oral environment (Pashley, 1990). Saunders and Saunders (1998) considered the vitality loss in adults who received full crowns in a dental hospital based on radiographic analysis and found that 19% of the patients in the study have lost vitality of the prepared teeth. A study by Cheung et al. (2005) aimed to investigate the influence of factors connected with pulpal damage in teeth restored with porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns or crowned as a fixed bridge abutment. The study reveals that the preparation for either of the restorations requires a considerable reduction of dentine and may cause trauma to pulp tissue but the survival rate of pulp in single-unit crowns is higher than in abutment teeth. Bergenholtz and Nyman (1984) and Karlsson (1986) demonstrated a permanent pulpal damage rate of 1% year for vital teeth following a crown restoration. 3.5 Crown Vs. other restorations Many previous studies have supported the use of indirect intracoronal restorations (porcelain or composite) in vital teeth as advantageous against full-coverage restorations due to their less invasively preparation and more conservative nature (Jackson, 2008, Magne et al., 1996, Dietschi et al., 1994). They have been also considered to be easier to do than a crown and are no more expensive than crowns or root canal treatments. A literature review by Kerschbaum and Voß 1981 showed that inlay restorations at 10 years have 9.5% lower rate of vitality loss compared to full crown restorations. When aesthetic aspect is not the first priority properly designed and provided inlays and onlays have the same longevity and durability as crowns (Jackson, 2008). Cusp replacement with resin composite can be considered as alternative to traditional cusp replacement by crowns due to advanced adhesive technology. Deliperi et al. (2006) highlight that if the bonding agent is not stressed, an acceptable success rate could be achieved by using this method. According to van Dijken et al. (2001) an indirect cusp replacement restoration with ceramic might be considered indicated. This has the benefit of saving valuable remaining tooth substance and eventually avoiding endodontic therapy. 3.6 Dentin Bonding There are recommendations in the literature for sealing the dentine with a Dentine Bonding Agent (DBA) following crown preparations in order to minimise the associated complications like hypersensitivity (Clinical Research Associates 1993). Dentine bonding agents have shown to be advantageous over the smear layer itself due to their mechanical retention (Nakabayashi et al. 1982) and moisture and acid resistance (Brunton et al. 2000). Over the last decades they have been considered as a modern way of sealing exposed dentine (Ferrari M. et al. 1999, Swift EJ et.al 2001). Some authors have compared the effectiveness of DBA with smear layer as a natural barrier. Pashley (1984) states that dentine permeability can be reduced up to 98% when smear layer is produced by slow or fast rotary headpieces but it would not last for more than a few days due to acidic PH from the oral cavity (Kerns DG. et al. 1991) .There are several advantages of DBAs over the smear layer like hybrid layer as described by Nakabayashi (1982) and resisting moisture and acid (Brunton et al. 2000). The result of various in-vitro studies on humans teeth (Pashley et al. 1992, White et al. 1992, Al-Fawaz et al. 1993) and animals teeth (Suzuki et al. 1994) supports the idea of sealing the dentine of prepared teeth for a crown restoration. A literature review by Lam, C.W. and Wilson, P.R. (1999) revealed that dentine sealing with bonding agents prior to crown cementation could be beneficial due to fluid flow reduction in dentine tubules. Magne (2005) believes that immediate application of dentine bonding agents or Immediate Dentine Sealing (IDS) prior to impression taking can reduce the postoperative sensitivity and bacterial contamination. 35% H3PO4 is normally used to remove the smear layer before DBA application. There are different ways of sealing dentinal tubules after the preparation. Edward and swift (2009) reviewed several in vitro research studies on the immediate dentine sealing technique in a critical appraisal and came to following conclusions. First, immediate sealing of fresh dentin improves the resin adhesion and the bond strength will be affected by late application. Second, the IDS provide a mechanical barrier which minimises the postoperative sensitivity, bacterial contamination and eventually the necessity of local anaesthesia. Most Practitioners prefer to use self-etch-adhesives. However, Magne et al. (2007) believe that a three-step, etch-and-rinse adhesive has shown to be more efficient. In order to avoid complications after the IDS, some clinical steps need to be taken. The appearance of an O2 -inhibitory layer is not desirable and should be prevented by light-curing the dentine adhesive twice under a glycerine coating. This step avoids the reaction between inhibitory layer and impression material. The reaction between temporary crown and sealed tooth should also be prevented by applying a separating material. The influence of dentine on antimicrobial effect of ingredients added to one-step dentine sealants was assessed by Gondim et al. (2008) and revealed a reduced affectivity after polymerisation with UV light. 3.7 Temporary Crowns Temporary crowns are provisional restorations that are fitted on the teeth between preparation and fit appointment. They have various functions, mainly dentine protection and tooth movement prevention. Their role is often overlooked by practitioners (Wassel et al. 2002). Pre-formed crowns (plastic, metal) and self or light cured resins are usually used in the dental practices as convenient for temporary restorations. Many temporary crowns have poor-fitting margins based on production procedure and material used. Some materials create a gap between the temporary and the prepared tooth due to polymerisation shrinkage (Robinson and Hovijitra, 1982)( Tjan et al. 1987). Cervical border of a temporary crown is the primary area to be reached by bacteria from the oral environment. Richardson et al. (1991) believe that dentine in the cervical margin shows higher permeability than dentine in other surfaces of the prepared tooth and that confirms the importance of good marginal adaptation of temporary crowns. A paper by Cagidiaco et al. (1996) considers the exposure of vital pulp tissue to bacterial contamination and irritants after dentine preparation in the base of a cavity, especially if temporary shows an unsatisfactory sealing. Exposed dentinal tubules after a crown preparation provide a way for transfer of substances between the pulpal tissue and periphery (Garberoglio and Brannstrom M. 1976). These tubules are expected to be sealed by cement. Different researchers (White et al. 1992, White et al. 1994, Lyons. et al, 1997, Baldissare. et al. 1998, Goldman et al. 1992) have found microleakage to be present after either permanent or temporary crown cementation. Literature review supports the evidence of benefit of immediate dentine bonding as a technique during temporisation of indirect provided restorations but reveals a lack of in vivo evidence. This fact supports the requirement for this clinical study. Study design methodology The study design and methodology will be presented in accordance with the CONSORT explanation for reporting on clinical trials (Moher et al., 2010). 4.1 Trial Design This will be a randomised controlled parallel two-armed trial-pragmatic group trial to take place over the duration of a six-year period. The study will provide a 1:1 allocation ratio. One molar tooth will be randomly chosen per participant. The evaluation of the outcome will take place at one year, three years and five years (Fig 1). 4.1.1 Changes to trial design The Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) will have access to the un-blinded data. The study protocol may be altered by DMC due to their recommendations. 4.2 Participants Participant selection will take place utilising new and existing patient population that attends the dental practice. Recruitment will be on a continuous basis until the required numbers of participants have been enrolled into the study (see section 5 for sample size calculation). This will ensure the pragmatic nature of the trial as no proactive recruitment of patients from leaflet drops and advertising will take place. A trained member of staff will administrate the consent process once a patient has been identified as having an eligible tooth suitable for the study. 4.2.1 Inclusion criteria for participants: Healthy adult patients between 18-58 years of age Provide a written informed consent, understand spoken and written English. Regular attenders (at least every six months) with a two-year record Require a full coverage of a Molar (Upper or Lower arch) With a crown Selected tooth must be periodontally healthy. Selected tooth must be vital and without any history of pulpitic symptoms within the last 12 months. Are able to attend follow-up appointments. In terms of periodontal status, the chosen teeth for study have to have a BPE less than three mm as per guidelines published by British Society of Periodontology (BSP). The teeth must be also radiographically free of any pre-operative pathological signs meaning intact pulp with no evidence of radiopaque foreign materials in the pulp chamber and/or root canals(s) and no periradicular radiolucent area. 4.2.2 Exclusion criteria for participants: Irregular attenders to dental practice History of pulpitic symptoms in the last 12 months Patients participating in any other medical trials Notable medical history change or pregnancy Existing periapical pathology (radiographically) Periodontal pockets more than three mm Pulpal exposure or extending caries into the pulp chamber Vulnerable adults or children 4.3 Study location and settings The trial will take place in twenty dental practices based in the United Kingdom. General Dental Practitioners with more than five years experience and qualification in a post-graduate restorative dentistry will be recruited. 4.4 Withdrawals Patients may be disqualified if they experience medical complications or refuse to attend routine check-ups. A patient may also be withdrawn from the study if the tooth suffers from a trauma, requires extraction or develops pockets deeper than 3mm due to insufficient oral hygiene. Information on all patients, including the reason for the withdrawal will be collected and added to trial data report. Patients may also choose to withdraw from the study themselves. 4.5 Randomisation Initial selection process will include all teeth that are suitable per patient. To maintain allocation concealment and to limit the occurrence of selection bias (Vickers A.J. 2006) a remote allocation officer in the central generates the allocation of teeth for either the intervention or control group. The participants initials, gender, date of birth and tooth notation will be submitted to a centre securely, where randomisation will occur within the patients to select the eligible tooth and to allocate the patient to the treatment or control group using a computer generated sequential number list. The trial will include only one allocated tooth per patient per control or treatment group. The indication of allocation will be sent to the general dental practitioner in an envelope with the patients identification code and the tooth number. The code for trial remains hidden until the clinical procedure to treat all eligible teeth is ready. At this time, it will be opened by the operator but not revealed to the participants. The randomisation will be balanced to a 1:1 ratio for each provider in each practice. Simple randomisation is suitable to generate a balanced group. Balance between the groups at each location will be verified by the trial allocation operator regularly. 4.6 Baseline assessment A baseline examination will be carried out by operators once the suitable patients have completed the consent procedure. The assessment will include: Patients Identification, age and gender Medical and social history Dental history Extra-oral examination: Musculoskeletal assessment, Soft tissue profile, TMJ Intra-oral examination: Oral Hygiene, periodontal assessment, soft tissue, occlusal analysis, vitality testing, Ridge mapping, Radiographic evaluation of tooth prior to preparation Reason for Crown placement 4.7 GDP training Each of the operators will attend a one-day training program on techniques. Clinical consensus will be ensured and standardised in a discussion with investigators in a separate session and will include a clinical protocol for the preparation of teeth for a full coverage with a crown, impression taking and temporisation. Additional clinical protocols will be prepared for immediate dentine sealing after preparation and for final cementation of the restoration. A clinical team member will be appointed as the independent observer to evaluate the compliance to the study criteria. All materials and Instruments used will be applied as per manufacturers instructions. The Crown system used in the study is Cercon ht (Dentsply) full Contour Zirconia. The high strength of zirconia-based ceramic restorations increases the indications for choice. They can be a near ideal choice for restoring crowns, fixed partial dentures, and implants in aesthetic areas. Because of their high strength, zirconia-based ceramic restorations can be cemented with traditional cements or bonded with adhesive resin cements. Like gold, Cercon ht has a simple, clinical protocol, requiring conservative tooth reductions of as little as 0.5 to 1.0 mm. A feature that is friendly to both patients dentition and dentists chair time. All clinical and laboratory techniques for teeth involved in the study are specified as per Dentsply protocol. 4.8 Intervention A universal self-priming dental adhesive system (Prime Bond NT Dual cure, Dentsply) and a dual cure resin cement (Calibra, Dentsply) will be used to bond the indirect restoration to the tooth. The literature supports the chosen material for this proposed study (Barnes et al., 2006). 4.8.1 Intervention protocol for Immediate Dentine Sealing (IDS) The teeth will be sealed immediately after preparation with Prime Bond NT Dual Cure (Dentsply). To avoid any bond contamination, retraction cord will be placed before dentine sealing. The protocol for dentine bonding is as manufacturers instructions: Clean freshly instrumented dentine with water spray and air dry. It is recommended not to etch dentine to minimize the possibility of post-operative sensitivity. Place 1-2 drops of Prime Bond NT adhesive into a clean plastic mixing well. Place an equal number of drops of Self Cure activator into the same mixing well. Mix Contents for 1-2 seconds with a clean, unused brush tip. Immediately apply mixed adhesive/activator to thoroughly wet all the tooth surfaces. These surfaces should remain wet for 20 seconds and may necessitate additional application of mixed adhesive/activator. Remove excess solvent by gently drying with clean, dry air at least for 5 seconds. Surface should have a uniform glossy appearance. Cure mixed adhesive/activator for 10 seconds using a curing light. Check curing light for minimum curing output of at least 550mw/cm2 and a spectral output, including 470nm (peak absorption of the CQ photoinitiator). Control Group Exactly the same procedure will be used for the control group prior to final bonding of the Crown. 4.8.2 Protocol for Impression taking Study Group (IDS) In practice, freshly cut dentin is present only at the time of tooth preparation (before impression). Freshly cut dentin is the ideal substrate for dentin bonding. Most studies on Dentine Bonding Agents (DBA) bond strength use freshly prepared dentin (Magne 2005). There is a possibility for the oxygen inhibition layer of filled resin of the dentine bonding agent to inhibit the setting of the impression material. The bonded teeth have to be cleaned with pumic and a rubber prophylactic cup and washed with water and air dried before the impression (Magne and Nielsen, 2009b). Impressions will be taken with an A-silicone double-mix technique (Aquasil ultra, Dentsply) as per manufactures Instruction. Control Group (no sealing) Impressions will be taken as per study group without sealing the dentine with DSA. 4.8.3 Protocol for temporisation Study Group (IDS) A prefabricated light curable temporary Crown (Protemp Crown temporisation material, 3M ESPE) will be fitted on the prepared tooth standard temporary cements. The occlusion will be controlled and if necessary adjusted. Control group A temporary crown will be fitted as above without any DBA application and after Impression taking as per clinical consensus guidelines. 4.8.4 Protocol for final cementation Study group (IDS) Just prior to the luting procedures (when placing the final restoration), it is recommended to roughen the existing adhesive resin using a coarse diamond bur at low speed or by microsandblasting (Magne 2005). The tooth and the restoration will be treated as per manufacturers instructions, and the crown can be cemented with dual cure resin (Calibra, Dentsply). Control group The same procedure as for study group will be carried out except the adhesive resin roughening step. 4.9 Outcomes The outcome measures will be assessed, and the CRF forms updated at baseline and at recall appointments of 1 year, 3 years and 5 years. Any relevant clinical incident between these times affecting the trial tooth needs to be recorded on CRF. Base-line findings and post-operative taken periapical (PA) of each trial tooth at one year and five years will be studied, assessed and recorded by two blind assessors. These precalibrated, independent observers will examine the radiographs and categorize the periapical status of the selected teeth according to a written set of criteria (Cheung et al. 2005) (Table 1). Categories 1, 2 or 3 are deemed to be associated with a non-vital pulp. If there are any disagreement, a third assessor will be involved as an arbitrator before a final score is reached. The protocol for Periapicals will adhere to the guidelines produced by the faculty of General Dental Practitioners (Pendlebury et al., 2004). An Independent assessor will audit each practice participating in the study to ensure compliance with radiology regulations (IRMER). 4.10 Blinding Every effort will be made to prevent disclosure of the exact nature of the study aim and to which arm of the study the participants have been allocated. This will be specified to minimise assessment reactivity, which has been hypothesised by McCambridge and Strang (2005). The date collection statistician who assesses and calculates the outcome results will also be blinded to the individual patient allocation to limit detection bias. The operators will not be blinded but the allocation of whether the tooth is to be control or intervention will be concealed until intervention procedure is to be carried out. 4.11 Follow up An important selection criterion to minimise drop-out is the eligibility of the patients to be regular attenders at the relevant dental practices. Patients lost to follow up will be recorded.. Category Status Description 0 Intact pulp No evidence of radiopaque foreign material in pulp chamber and/or root canal(s), and no periradicular radiolucent area 1 Widening of the PDL space Widening of the apical part of the periodontal ligament space, not exceeding two times the width of the lateral periodontal ligament space 2 Periapical radiolucency Radiolucency in connection with the apical part of the root, the diameter exceeding two times the width of the lateral periodontal ligament space 3 Endodontically treated tooth Tooth with radiopaque material in pulp chamber (if discernible) and/or root canal(s) Table 1- Radiographic categorization of pulpal status (Cheung et al. 2005) 4.12 Safety This study will not be utilising any investigational medicinal products; it will therefore be classed as a non- Clinical Trial of an Investigative Medicinal Product trial (non-CMITP). All untoward incidents will be adverse events rather than adverse reaction. The study is also compatible with Data Protection and Mental Capacity Act. The treatment options being studied are non-life threatening on non-vulnerable adults with no risk of harm and no unknown or uncertain risks. A Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) will be appointed who makes recommendations, as required, to the chair of the Trial Steering Committee. This committee is responsible for ensuring that the intervention and control techniques will be carried out under the guidance provided by the EU directive for Good Clinical Practice. 4.12.1 Assessment of Safety There are no expected unexpected adverse events since the intervention is used routinely in general dental practice. The using of etching gel has expected adverse events should it come into contact with the soft tissues (Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) sheet). All other dental materials involved (Prime Bond NT Dual Cure, Calibra dual cure resin cement (Dentsply), Protemp Crown temporisation material, 3M ESPE) are fully licensed within the medical devices regulations for use in dentistry in UK. All operators are experienced dental practitioners having handled these materials routinely and will be trained in dealing with expected adverse reactions should the product inadvertently come into contact with pati

Strategies for Utilising IT in Business Operations

Strategies for Utilising IT in Business Operations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Carsem founded in the year 1972 and had been acquired by Hong Leong Group in the year 1984. Carsem had been allocating most of its revenue in the research and development to maintain its position in the market. The main objective of this report is to understand how Carsem utilize it available information technology (IT) infrastructure in operating the daily business processes associate with the challenges it faced. Analysis carries out enable the challenges to be group into three categories which are management, organization and technology perspective. In the generation of this report help had been provided by Mr. Chai and Mr. Koay (IT engineer from Carsem IT department) in the investigation of Carsem IT infrastructure and the challenges its faced in the maintaining of those infrastructure. Apart from that this report also evaluates and proposes on the cloud computing which will help to minimize and overcome challenges identified. Clouding had been recognized as a latest delivery model and provides comprehensive services which allow Carsem to compete in the market without the needs to spend an excessive investment in which this investment may be channel for organization products and services research and development. Cloud computing comes with a list of benefits and costs in which Carse needs to analyze and weight to which extend the clouding is needs in ones organization business processes. An organization that had decided to adopt clouding need to realize the cost associated with the implementation and come out with a series of strategy to transform those costs to benefits to be further competitive advantage in the industry. Parts of the benefits associate with clouding are: Reduced in the IT infrastructure investment. Automated system and application updates Allow IT to shift focus in the development of new program Highly secure infrastructure by the vendors Parts of the costs associate with clouding are: Organizational changes which lead to organization culture shock Information security issue Control issue over the data and information stored in cloud 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Carsem Carsem, a leading provider of turnkey packaging and test services to the semiconductor industry, and offers one of the largest package and test portfolios in the world with recognition of one of the largest in unit volume production in the industry. Carsem have proved to be one of the six largest independent semiconductor sub-contract assembly houses in the world. As a member of the Hong Leong Group (Appendix 2), the company has been operate in the assembly and test services for over 25 years with over 10000 employees and assembles in excess of 100 million units each week with 65 percent of this volume is fully electrically tested product. Carsem has three high-technology manufacturing factories (as shown in Appendix 5). Carsem organizational structure as shown in Appendix 3. 1.2 Carsem Strategy To be competitive in the industry and establish a long term relationship with customer, Carsem need not only compliance with Moores Law, which stated that device complexity doubles about every 18months (as shown in Figure 1 Appendix 4); but also to responses progressively to the Moores Second Law, which stated that cost increase on a semi-log scale (as shown in Figure 2 Appendix 4). To coherent with the Moores Laws, Carsem Technology Center (CTC) had been established as a Research and Development department in drive for the cost competitive and technology advancement. The role of the CTC as stated below and Carsem latest technology solutions such as system in package (SiP), copper wire bond (Cu WB), etc (as shown in Appendix 6) are some of the effort by CTC. Re-invest existing products for cost and efficiency Develop new capabilities in processes and equipment to push existing design envelopes Introduction of new materials per assigned material roadmap Drive towards a center of excellence for Semiconductor Subcontractor Packaging Provide a platform for the Nurturing and Education of Carsem Engineering Graduate Program 1.3 Carsem Services and Products Carsem incorporated with highly sophisticated equipment to ensure that the services stated below meet with the quality standards (as shown in Appendix 7) set by the automotive, telecommunication, computer and consumer electronics industries. Carsem is not only a world leader in manufacture of the MLP package with over 12 billion units shipped worldwide but also excel in the services of designing modeling of new package and process. Carsem offering a full range of turnkey test services for RF, mixed-signal, linear, digital and power devices. Product groups for each factory are shown in Appendix 5. Services: Packaging and Assembly Test Services 1.4 Carsem Vision and Mission Carsem employees strive to improve in quality, productivity, delivery, services and cost in order to be competitive and profitable in lieu with Carsem Vision and Mission shown in Table 1. The homepage URL of the Carsem Semiconductor is: http://www.carsem.com/. 1.5 Semiconductor Industry Semiconductors, or microchips, are tiny, powerful devices that control electrical current. They work like electric switches, either blocking or conducting the flow of electrical current. The best known semiconductors element is silicon. As per the Wikipedia, the semiconductor industry is the aggregate collection of companies engaged in the design and fabrication of semiconductor devices, or microchips. Semiconductor industry had been considered as a high-technology industry by where the companies allocate a large sum of their revenue to research and development. The industry is recognized as a key driver for economic growth in recent years by where the development of new semiconductor products, manufacturing technologies and applications has lead to the development of other important industries, such as computers, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. The industry consists of four main products as shown in Table 2. In year 2009, Intel still remains as the market leader for 18 consecutive years despite the global semiconductor revenue decline on year 2009. Mean while as per the source from iSuppli Corporation, the global semiconductor revenue on year 2010 had growth to $304 billion with a growth of 32.5 percent compare to year 2009. Top 20 semiconductor suppliers ranking recorded by iSuppli Corporation such as Intel, Samsung, Toshiba, etc as shown in Appendix 8. 2. CARSEM INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE 2.1 Computer hardware platform Carsem engaged with Dell and Acer on it client machines; meanwhile Dell, Sun and Hewlett-Packard (HP) had been chosen in the support of it Server machines. The reason behind the choice is none others that cost related decision and the after sales service support and maintenance. 2.2 Operating system (OS) platform Carsem had been adopting in Microsoft Windows (Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000 and Windows NT4) for years in managing the resources and activities of the client machines. Linux, inexpensive and robust open-source software; Microsoft Windows Server 2008, most flexible and robust OS had both need the choice of Carsem for it server OS. Sun Solaris is also another OS by Carsem in managing it server machines. The need to control and reduce IT spending and license cost had been the main factors for above OS selection. 2.3 Enterprise software application Carsem had been attached with Oracle and Microsoft for years such as Oracle Database, SQL Server, Microsoft Exchange 2010, Microsoft Office, etc for it enterprise software application. The interrelationship between OS and enterprise software application had make Carsem to make such a decision with the consideration of Carsem needs. 2.4 Data management and storage Carsem selected Dell Equalogic Storage area networks (SANs) network-based storage technologies which connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage. The SAN with it huge storage capacity and stable performance is suitable for Carsem business processes. 2.5 Networking and telecommunication platform, Internet platform Carsem wide area network (WAN) had been attach with Telekom Malaysia (TM) providers for years due to the provider able to provide Carsem with a customized package pricing. Apart from that, WAN network equipment such as network termination unit (NTU) circuit, Cisco router is provided by TM as well. Carsem had been using Cisco router and switch for it local area network (LAN) for years for it is a market leader. Mean while as per management direction Dlink Wireless AP had been the choice in support Carsem wireless local area network (WLAN). To further align with management direction cost related, Carsem had been deploy with Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) under Asterisk for the recent years. 2.6 Consultants and system integrators Carsem maintain a continuous consultation contract with it providers such as Microsoft, Dell, Cisco, and TM due to providers able to provide a consistence and prompt service as needed. Providers professional skills and experiences on the infrastructure often give a handy solution to Carsem in a timely manner to minimize the factory losses due to the IT infrastructure down time. 2.7 Choice of Carsem In general the factors affecting the selection of IT infrastructure in Carsem including the management direction, business processes, budget, licenses, ease of use, life span, support, maintenance, associated partnership gain and etc. Take one examples, in choosing the brand of client computer hardware, there might be a number of vendors offering the same specification. But due to the product life span and in house supporting, Carsem had chosen Dell. Reason for engaging with Dell for years is due to the redundant to change by where the organization will need to go through a total change and adopt all necessary. Although the process is onetime deal but if the change does not generate a great improvement and additional benefits there is no value to make the change. This potential changes will also resulting in significant increase of the company cost. Another factor that is affecting the selection would be on the cost basis, by where the selected providers able to provide the infrastructure is a relatively low price compare to its competitors. This point is also applied to the maintenance cost. Dell solid reputation proven to be a reliable and prompt support services provider and that is another reason of Carsem choice. Dell also provides complete solution through its partnerships with software vendors such as Microsoft. As per Ratnam (Carsem former group IT Manager), Carsem manage to get Microsoft licensing through Dell so that the servers and desktops supplied to Carsem arrive with pre-installed software, all within one purchase order. For examples, in selecting an OS platform, Microsoft is preferable over others due to the system is more flexible and robust by where it can support a wide range of application included a third party software. 2.8 Carsem challenges in managing IT infrastructure Carsem faced with a legacy IT infrastructure that could not be accommodate the expanding manufacturing orders, the organization wanted to consolidate its server environment. The larger Carsem user base, the more diverse the environment, the greater the challenge will be. Some of the challenges are as per Table 3. Table 3: Challenges in managing IT infrastructure 3. CLOUD COMPUTING 3.1 Cloud computing Cloud computing, ‘a new delivery model; refers to style of computing in which various resources servers, applications, data, and other often virtualized resources are integrated and provided as a service over the Internet (Australian Government, Department of Finance and Deregulation, 2011). Cloud provides virtual server, software, store and secure immense amounts of data, application, which is accessible only by the authorized applications and users. Cloud computing eased the integration of photos, maps, and GPS information to create a mash up in customer Web browsers. As per professional like US National Institute of Standards and Technologys (NIST) and Sun Microsystems, 2009, cloud computing is pay-per-use networking computer with a minimal management effort and service provider interaction. Visual of NIST working definition cloud computing as shown in Appendix 9. 3.2 Cloud computing characteristic and types In general there are five essential characteristics that promote the cloud model included on-demand self service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured service. In detail cloud computing enable user to adopt and devise various resources as ones requirement without interaction with the services providers at any available clients platform such as laptop, mobile phones or PDAs. User gathers necessary resources through clouding in a flexible manner without the awareness on the resources location in a pay-per-use method. Detailed descriptions of each characteristic are shown in Appendix 10. Cloud computing can be on public cloud, private cloud, or hybrid cloud depending on an organization requirement (Appendix 11). Temporary application may be deploy in a public cloud due to cost censes and likewise a dedicated application should adopt a private or hybrid cloud. 3.3 Cloud computing services models Cloud computing providing a comprehensive services from hardware to applications and all this services may be grouped into three categories: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) as per Appendix 12. Organization will choose a cloud service based on the organization specific business, technical, and operational requirements. SaaS is a model that offers software as service over the internet. SaaS eliminates the need to install and run the application on the client hardware. PaaS providing a computing platform as service which compliance of cloud infrastructure and cloud applications. IaaS services deliver a virtualization platform for computer infrastructure. The top cloud computing providers such as Amazon, Google, 3Tera, etc are shown in Appendix 13. 3.4 Cloud computing trends Could computing isnt a new technology or a new architecture; its a new delivery model. This model is still an evolving paradigm. As per NIST, cloud computing definitions, use cases, underlying technologies, issues, risks, and benefits will be refined in a spirited debate by the public and private sectors. These definitions, attributes, and characteristics will evolve and change over time. In general cloud computing is like weather, full with uncertainty but a trend can be observed through it grow. The top ten cloud computing trends of current clouding are as stated below (Appendix 14). 3.5 Cloud computing solutions 3.5.1 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Amazon EC2 is a specialized IaaS by where it provides a sizeable computing capacity to an organization through clouding. Amazon EC2 with the pay-per-use concept allow an organization to scale up and down as per the latest computing requirement by only paying for capacity the organization actually use. It saves the needs for an organization to spend heavily on its IT infrastructure in order to operate its business processes. Amazon EC2 allows an organization to have complete control over the selected combination of instances, operating systems and software. With the highly reliable environment and numerous securing mechanisms, Amazon EC2 providing an assurance service to an organization. With the Amazon CloudWatch, an organization can had an overview of its resources utilization and performance at own pace. This solution is suitable to be adopting by Carsem as it coherent with the business processes and environment requirement. 3.5.2 Google App Engine With its specialties in PaaS, Google App Engine enables an organization to develop and host applications on the cloud platform without the needs for the organization to hold any server. With no set-up costs and recurring fees, an organization will only need to pay on the resources such as storage and bandwidth that are used by organization to support those applications. Google App Engine with its ability to automatic scaling enables an organization to scale up and down according to its current needs. 3.6 Cloud computing benefits and costs Clouding able to reduces organization hardware and overall IT expenses, apart from the benefits of pay-per-use. With the scalability of the clouding, organization may choose to expand its storage without the needs to pay an expensive price for the hardware and the programs. The availability of Cloud solutions enables an organization to run project at own ease and increase the deployment of new products. There is no payment needed by the organization on the future updates due to clouding provide automate updates services. Clouding reduces IT focus on system administration work such as manage servers and application upgrades and channel their skills in integrating the legacy system with the new cloud solution. The availability of templates allows the implementation and deployment of cloud services is much easier and minimizes the needs of IT. Clouding also enable users to access and updates information anywhere as their own convenience. Data are being managed and protected by the skilled vendors and the amounts of infrastructure needed had been the responsible of the cloud providers. This will ease the pain of an organization in deciding on the purchasing and the maintenance of the infrastructure base on the rapidly increasing workload. With the high secure infrastructure by the cloud providers, an organization is being relief off the infrastructure disaster such as power lines cut off, flooding, fire, security, etc. Clouding able to reduce the run time of an applications and enable the batch jobs to be completed in a short time frame so that management able to make a prompt decision. As the cloud services is provided via internet, internet service loss may result an organization unable to perform its business processes or unable to make a prompt decision. Due to the physical infrastructure locations is unknown to the organization, the data and information might run at risk of not be compliance with local privacy requirements. Apart from that organization might run at a risk that the data being expose to others users especially for public cloud which might had hundreds to thousands user. Organization might loss of control over its storage due to had no insight of cloud provider contingency procedures whether there are any backup, restore and disaster recovery. Organization might run into cloud providers that are using different application programming interface which resulting both application unable to synchronize. Below table summarize a list of benefits and costs in running cloud computing. 4. CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION Carsem need to take into consideration forces such as market demand, business strategy, IT department strategy, IT assessment and competitors IT infrastructure related services in the implementation of cloud computing. 4.1 Market demand for Carsem services Semiconductor industry had been growing in a pace and face constant demand for products. In order to maintain its position in the market, Carsem needs to ensure that its customers, suppliers and employees are satisfied with the services provided. Currently Carsem facing with the challenges of maintain a good rapport with its customers by where queries unable to be attended on time and customers facing a hard time in getting a real time product status via extranet established by Carsem. Apart from that suppliers also having difficulty in monitoring the raw materials inventory level for a prompt replenish due to no inventory tracking system established. There is no real time data shared with the oversea sales team which will enable the team to make an on time potential sales decision due to the data are locked away with the factory. Mean while information availability to the in house employees to make an immediate disposition is an existing challenge, as the information is only made available to a specific level of employees with granted access right. 4.2 Carsem business strategy Carsem goal of maintaining as a leading semiconductor sub-contract assembly house by providing zero defects products in a reasonable pricing achievable through a series of strategy such as maintaining a good relationship with the customers, continuous improvement system towards zero defects, quality control measurement, on-going research and development of high-technologies products and comprehensive monitoring system. In order to maintain a good relationship with customers, on time delivery and products information visibility need to made available. To further impress the customers, Carsem employees will need to be able excel in operational, services and technology delivery. A good monitoring system will ensure that the product deliver on time with zero defects, never the least ensure that Carsem inventories is in a healthy state. Continuous improvement system such as employee suggestion system (ESS) or operators advancement training program will ensure that the employees equipped with needed information for their job. 4.3 Carsem IT department strategy IT department is a crucial department in driving Carsem business strategy to meet with market demands. The department prior tactic is to conduct a throughout analysis by department basis to understand each department requirements and access needs towards the use of information system. The result will enable the IT department to create a fitting system to drive the business strategies smoothly to achieve information sharing and better decision making. Therefore total cost ownership (TCO) analysis is needed to justify to which extend an investment is needed. TCO included direct costs and indirect costs such as software and hardware acquisition cost, setup cost, maintenance cost, infrastructure cost, downtime cost, space and energy cost associate with non other the hiring cost. Management will be able to make a wise decision base on the TCO analysis. 4.4 IT assessment IT department strategy will lead to the need of IT assessment, as an appropriate IT tools are key to IT strategy success. IT assessment will be consisting of an inventory check on the current IT infrastructure available in house in comparison to IT infrastructure needed in association of the IT strategy drawn. The assessment will also need to take into consideration whether the IT infrastructure compatible with individual department needs. Apart from internal assessment, external assessment is also critical. A comparison also need to be carry out between IT infrastructure suppliers to enable a better choice; taking into consideration the factors such as cost, support, standard, licensing etc. IT department need to ensure that there is a database information available persistence to customers IT infrastructure so that Carsem data and information successfully directed to customer. The most common systems used in today market included ERP system, data mining system, information sharing system, reporting system to resolve current challenges faced by Carsem effectively with future expansion therefore cloud computing will be the optimum environment to run above mention system. 4.5 Competitor services and investment In terms of the hardware platform, Carsem nearest competitor is engaged with Dell and conducting with dos system for its software. In general, Carsem and its competitor are offering the same standard of services to its stakeholders. To a certain point, Carsem competitor had a better system by where they had establish a share point system by where it allows employees to upload and share documents thru share point portal. In term of the operation system support, Carsem is gaining an advantage as Carsem had engaged with MES system compare to its competitor which still yet to develop to the MES. 5. CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Recommendations Carsem should go for cloud computing to be at the edge of competitive advantage. Cloud computing solutions such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Google App Engine are suitable to be adopted by Carsem. The stated clouding solution will ease off the burden such as managing issues, financial costing, and maintenance problem and in the mean time promote a secure environment for data storage and enable the user to access whenever and wherever they like. 5.2 Summary of findings Carsem had been rapidly growing to achieve competitive advantage in the semiconductor industry. Through the competitive forces model, it is get to know that Carsem is facing with the problem of satisfying its stakeholders due to the incompetence IT infrastructure. Carsem will also need to ensure that both its business strategy and IT strategy are aligned to meet with the markets demand. Additional knowledge of its competitors services and IT infrastructure investment are some essential forces in determining Carsem success. Challenges identified associate in managing Carsem IT infrastructure can be grouped into three categories which are management, organization and technology perspective. Carsem need to realize that information system is the key for solving business problems. As such information system needs to be managed wisely to gain competitive advantage in the market. Information delivers on time will save up time and in turn resulting in cost saving.