Procter & Gamble Rely Tampons Case Study Essay -- essays research pape

AbstractThe purpose of this research paper is that to present the difficulties Procter & Gamble faced in the early 1980s due to a correlation between the fellowships Rely tampon and the disease Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). Also, how the company handled the findings before and after new laws were passed by social intercourse giving the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate medical devices, which included tampons. Thereafter, I will analyze the ethical issues relevant to this case deep down a SWOT analysis. IntroductionCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about how companies manage their business processes to produce a positive impact on society. Companies bring new wares in merchandises, usually after testing concludes that the product is safe for use or consumption. It is nearly impossible for a company to truly bang all of the potential risks a brand new product whitethorn have, even after thorough testing. However, once a company receives reports t hat its product may be causing harm to consumers, it is their responsibility to conduct more research and tests to rule-out any possible truth in the reports. This is what a socially responsible company would do, one who is preoccupied not only with their bottom-line, but one that is also worried about its customers. After Procter & Gamble introduced its Rely tampon in the market in the 1970s, the company began receiving reports as early as 1975 that the product was causing a rare but possibly deadly disease, TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome). This product was not made with cotton as the competitors tampons. The Rely tampon was made with synthetics, like carboxymethylcellulose and polyester in order to be the first extended wear and more or less absorbent tampon in the market. I will first discuss these reports and what the companys initial response was. Next, I will elaborate on the case and the companys course of action following the passing of new laws and further research conducted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the illnesses and the women change by these decisions. Following, I will conduct a SWOT Analysis of the company in which I will include relevant ethic theories pertaining to the case. Finally, I will conclude and provide recommendations based on my findings.Company HistoryWilliam Procter, who emigrated from England, and James Gamble, who emigrated from Ireland, met... ...er menstruation or any accidents.Referenceswww.pg.com/translations/history_pdf/english_history.pdfhttp//finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=PGhttp//www.hoovers.com/gillette/--ID__10655--/free-co-factsheet.xhtmlhttp//sev.prnewswire.com/retail/20041209/CLTH02809122004-1.htmlhttp//www.pg.com/ field/pdf/04_news/agl_2004_shareholders_speech.pdfhttp//www.mum.org./relyart7.htmhttp//www.citizen.org/congress/civjus/tort/articles.cfm?ID=802Armand, Lione, Kapecki, Jon. 1975. Testing Tampons in Rochester just what can you Rely on? Jul23-Aug5. Rochester Patriot. Vol.3, No.14Meadows, Michelle. 2000. Tampon Safety, TSS Now Rare, but Women Still Should Take feel for. March-April. FDA Consumer Magazine. http//www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/200_tss.htmlKlein, Joel MD. 2004. Toxic Shock Syndrome. Nemours engraftation. January, 2004. http//kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=KidsHealth&lic=1&ps=207&cat_id=20015&article_set=20277Foote, Susan B. 1984. Corporate responsibility in a changing legal environment. California Management Review. Spring. V.26, p. 217-228.Hostman, Barry M. 2000. Author Found a Web of Paranoia, Secrecy 01March. The Cincinnati Post.

Youth and Beauty Essay -- Media Plastic Surgery Self Image Essays

Youth and Beauty America is a prosperous country. In fact, sociologists have sight a uniquely Ameri whoremonger disease that they call affluenza. This term refers to the stress and related disorders that develop from Americans need to constantly spend money on temporal possessions and supposed self-improvement. It is not enough to just be comfortable, we must have it all and look perfect. We work ourselves ragged and neglect our families and relationships just so we can buy the latest television, even though the three we already have work just fine. People in third world countries struggle to admit their children fed. If work is available, they earn money to buy basic necessities they do not have the luxury of saving up for a new car. As Americans, we atomic number 18 so caught up in the materialistic that advertising is a billion-dollar industry in this country. What we buy also relates to our other obsessions spring chicken and beauty. We worship celebrities, but b ut until they turn fifty. Movies featuring older actors (women in particular) argon rare and even our numerous reality television shows all feature beautiful people in their twenties to early-thirties. However, this is not reality Americans are made up of people of all ages and shapes. Since we can afford it, we buy whatever nature does not provide, from makeup to plastic operating theater. Our advertising reflects consumer demand, which in turn reflects American priorities. While people in poorer countries can not pay for surgery that they need to survive, Americans spend millions on surgery to make them look better. For example, the number of breast augmentation surgeries increased five hundred and ninety-three percent from 1992 to 2002 according to the American... ...ese ads play to that mindset. They say that you can have your looks without spending large amounts of time or money on plastic surgery and since we as a society have a large expendable income, we are p articularly susceptible to this type of advertising ploy. We want to be able to buy as many things as we want, so we are attracted to products that can give birth us money while giving us what we think we need. Cosmetics also offer more rapid results than surgery, which is important in our fast-food culture. It is a promise of youth and beauty in a bottle what every American wants.Works CitedAmerican Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2004. 20 February 2004. .Lutz, William. With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything. Exploring Language. Ed.Gary Goshgarian. Pearson Longman, rude(a) York 2004, 393-406.

Internal And External Economies Of Scale :: Economics

Internal And External Economies Of ScaleWhen a company reduces approachs and increases production, internaleconomies of scale bedevil been achieved. External economies of scaleoccur outside of a firm, within an industry. Thus, when an industrysscope of operations expand due to for example the creation of a better conveying network, resulting in a subsequent decrease in represent fora company working within that industry, external economies of scale argon said to charter been achieved. With external ES, all firms within theindustry will benefit.Economies Of ScaleIn addition to specialization and the division of labor, within anycompany there are various inputs that may result in the production ofa good and/or service* Lower input costs when a company buys inputs in bulk, say forexample potatoes used to make French fries at a fast food chainit can take advantage of raft discounts. (In turn, the farmerfrom which sold the potatoes could also be achieving ES if thefarm has lowered it s average input costs through, for example,buying fertilizer in bulk at a raft discount).* Costly inputs some inputs, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as research and development,advertising, managerial expertise and skilled labor are expensive,but because of the possibility of change magnitude efficiency with suchinputs, can lead to a decrease in the average cost of productionand selling. If a company is able to spread the cost of suchinputs everywhere an increase in its production units, ES can berealized. Thus, if the fast food chain chooses to spend more moneyon technology to eventually increase efficiency by lowering theaverage cost of hamburger assembly, it would also pass to increasethe number of hamburgers it produces a twelvemonth in order to c over theincrease technology expenditure.* Specialized inputs as the scale of production of a companyincreases, a company can engage the use of specialized labor andmachinery resulting in greater efficiency. This is because workerswo uld be better qualified for a specific job, for example someonewho only makes French fries, and would no longer be spending extratime learning to do work not within their specialization (makinghamburgers or taking a customers order). Machinery, such as adedicated French fry maker, would also tolerate a longer life as itwould not have to be over and/or improperly used.* Techniques and Organizational inputs with a larger scale ofproduction, a company may also apply better organizational skillsto its resources, such as a clear-cut chain of command, whileimproving its techniques for production and distribution. Thus,behind the counter hireees at the fast food chain may be make according to those taking in-house orders and thoseInternal And External Economies Of Scale EconomicsInternal And External Economies Of ScaleWhen a company reduces costs and increases production, internaleconomies of scale have been achieved. External economies of scaleoccur outside of a firm, within an indus try. Thus, when an industrysscope of operations expand due to for example the creation of a better deportation network, resulting in a subsequent decrease in cost fora company working within that industry, external economies of scaleare said to have been achieved. With external ES, all firms within theindustry will benefit.Economies Of ScaleIn addition to specialization and the division of labor, within anycompany there are various inputs that may result in the production ofa good and/or service* Lower input costs when a company buys inputs in bulk, say forexample potatoes used to make French fries at a fast food chainit can take advantage of volume discounts. (In turn, the farmerfrom which sold the potatoes could also be achieving ES if thefarm has lowered its average input costs through, for example,buying fertilizer in bulk at a volume discount).* Costly inputs some inputs, such as research and development,advertising, managerial expertise and skilled labor are expensive,but beca use of the possibility of increased efficiency with suchinputs, can lead to a decrease in the average cost of productionand selling. If a company is able to spread the cost of suchinputs over an increase in its production units, ES can berealized. Thus, if the fast food chain chooses to spend more moneyon technology to eventually increase efficiency by lowering theaverage cost of hamburger assembly, it would also have to increasethe number of hamburgers it produces a course of study in order to cover theincreased technology expenditure.* Specialized inputs as the scale of production of a companyincreases, a company can employ the use of specialized labor andmachinery resulting in greater efficiency. This is because workerswould be better qualified for a specific job, for example someonewho only makes French fries, and would no longer be spending extratime learning to do work not within their specialization (makinghamburgers or taking a customers order). Machinery, such as adedicate d French fry maker, would also have a longer life as itwould not have to be over and/or improperly used.* Techniques and Organizational inputs with a larger scale ofproduction, a company may also apply better organizational skillsto its resources, such as a clear-cut chain of command, whileimproving its techniques for production and distribution. Thus,behind the counter employees at the fast food chain may be create according to those taking in-house orders and those

One Time Offer: Sell your Soul, Receive Eternal Life: Note: Do as I do, or Be Punished :: essays research papers

Believe nothing undecomposed because a so-called wise person said it. Believe nothing nevertheless because a belief is generally held. Believe nothing just because it is said in ancient books. Believe nothing just because it is said to be of divine origin. Believe nothing just because someone else believes it. Believe only what you yourself test and judge to be true. (Buddha) We were not given the gift of life to adhere to separates dreams, we were not born to live in the shadow of another being, and we were not bequeathed with the right of freedom to dwell on others visions. Has our purchase order fallen to such contemptible levels? Are we really that misplaced, that we must look to someone elses ways to feel whole? We must look someplace else for guidance? That, to me, is one of the sorrowful things I have ever heard. I fear for our future I fear that independent thought will someday begin to seize to exist. There is nothing left to fear except the persistent refusal to find out the truth. Religion the satisfaction for your needs, a place to annul when you are too weary to continue searching for the truth. You should never believe those who claim they found truth, but only those you are still yearning for it. religious persons do, have positive virtues, they do, have optimistic morals, but they settle for not their own vision, but someone elses vision. Your elders should always be respected, but just because they contain some higher ranking, does not mean that you should follow intently to what they say, and what they tell you to do. It is in your own will, and your own right, to flourish in your own visions, in your own heart.

Antioxidants and Skin Care Essay -- Dermatology Beauty Health Essays

Antioxidants and peel off C arAging is a natural process of life. However, retailers straightaway are publicizing that their products can sheer or even eliminate the signs of ripening. Many cosmetic companies advertise age-defying makeup, which they claim will erase the wrinkles on the strip and produce a newer, fresher look. The approximately recent age-defying product on the market is antioxidants. Claiming that their products will diminish the signs of aging, companies sell volumes of antioxidants to consumers. Their claims offer the controversial questions Can a drug stop the effects of aging? How many capsules does it take to eliminate facial wrinkles? Are these pills simply placebos? OutlineAntioxidants and free radicals How Do Antioxidants Work? Claims around Antioxidant Products The Scientific Foundation of Antioxidants Antioxidants - The Real male plug What Should You Do? Advice for the Consumer References Antioxidants and promiscuous Radicals What are Antioxidants? Antioxidants are chemicals that protect cells by neutralizing external forces (such as damage from the sun, pollution, wind, and temperature) and internal factors (for example, emotions, metabolism, and the front end of excess oxygen). Common antioxidants are Vitamins A, C, E, and important carotene. These special chemicals assist in skin repair and the strengthening of blood vessels. Why do we need them? Antioxidants are necessary because they combat free radicals. dislodge radicals are byproducts that are formed when oxygen is used by the body (http//ificinfo.health.org/antidox.htm) . Free radicals start a cosmic string reaction under the skins surface, and outlined infra is the process of destruction. They have an unpaired electron in their outer orbital... ...ll, B. (1994) Antioxidants in nutrition, health, and disease. 120- 124. Halliwell, B. (1996). Vitamin C Antioxidant or Pro-oxidant in vivo? Free Radical Research, 25, 439-454. Mares-Perlman, J., Klein, R., Klein, B., Greger, J., Brady, W., Palta, M., Ritter, L. (1996). Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. file away of Ophthalmolgy, 114, 991-997. Rice - Evans, C., Burdon, R. (1994). Free radical damage and its control. 14-19. Shear, N., Malkiewicz, I., Klein, D., Koren, G., Randor, S., Neuman, M. (1995). Acetaminophen-induced toxicity to gracious epidermoid cell line A431 is diminished by silymarin. Skin Pharmacology, 8, 279-291. Takema, Y., Yorimoto, Y., Kawai, M., Imokawa, G. (1994). Age-related changes in the elastic properties and thickness of human facial skin. British Journal of Dermatology, 131, 641-648. Antioxidants and Skin Care Essay -- Dermatology Beauty Health EssaysAntioxidants and Skin CareAging is a natural process of life. However, retailers today are publicizing that their products can reduce or even eliminate the signs of aging. Many cosmetic companies advertise age-defying makeup, which they claim will erase the wrinkle s on the skin and produce a newer, fresher look. The most recent age-defying product on the market is antioxidants. Claiming that their products will diminish the signs of aging, companies sell volumes of antioxidants to consumers. Their claims offer the controversial questions Can a drug stop the effects of aging? How many capsules does it take to eliminate facial wrinkles? Are these pills simply placebos? OutlineAntioxidants and free radicals How Do Antioxidants Work? Claims about Antioxidant Products The Scientific Foundation of Antioxidants Antioxidants - The Real Hype What Should You Do? Advice for the Consumer References Antioxidants and Free Radicals What are Antioxidants? Antioxidants are chemicals that protect cells by neutralizing external forces (such as damage from the sun, pollution, wind, and temperature) and internal factors (for example, emotions, metabolism, and the presence of excess oxygen). Common antioxidants are Vitamins A, C, E, and beta carotene. These specia l chemicals assist in skin repair and the strengthening of blood vessels. Why do we need them? Antioxidants are necessary because they combat free radicals. Free radicals are byproducts that are formed when oxygen is used by the body (http//ificinfo.health.org/antidox.htm) . Free radicals start a chain reaction under the skins surface, and outlined below is the process of destruction. They have an unpaired electron in their outer orbital... ...ll, B. (1994) Antioxidants in nutrition, health, and disease. 120- 124. Halliwell, B. (1996). Vitamin C Antioxidant or Pro-oxidant in vivo? Free Radical Research, 25, 439-454. Mares-Perlman, J., Klein, R., Klein, B., Greger, J., Brady, W., Palta, M., Ritter, L. (1996). Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Archives of Ophthalmolgy, 114, 991-997. Rice - Evans, C., Burdon, R. (1994). Free radical damage and its control. 14-19. Shear, N., Malkiewicz, I., Klein, D., Koren, G., Randor, S., Neuman, M. (1995). A cetaminophen-induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell line A431 is diminished by silymarin. Skin Pharmacology, 8, 279-291. Takema, Y., Yorimoto, Y., Kawai, M., Imokawa, G. (1994). Age-related changes in the elastic properties and thickness of human facial skin. British Journal of Dermatology, 131, 641-648.

Antioxidants and Skin Care Essay -- Dermatology Beauty Health Essays

Antioxidants and Skin CareAging is a rude(a) process of life. However, retailers today are publicizing that their products can reduce or even eliminate the signs of aging. Many cosmetic companies advertise age-defying makeup, which they claim will annihilate the wrinkles on the skin and produce a newer, fresher look. The most recent age-defying product on the market is antioxidants. Claiming that their products will diminish the signs of aging, companies sell volumes of antioxidants to consumers. Their claims offer the debatable questions Can a drug train the effects of aging? How many capsules does it take to eliminate facial wrinkles? Are these pills simply placebos? OutlineAntioxidants and free radicals How Do Antioxidants Work? Claims about Antioxidant Products The Scientific base of Antioxidants Antioxidants - The Real Hype What Should You Do? Advice for the Consumer References Antioxidants and Free Radicals What are Antioxidants? Antioxidants are chemicals that protect ce lls by neutralizing external forces (such as distress from the sun, pollution, wind, and temperature) and internal factors (for example, emotions, metabolism, and the presence of excess oxygen). reciprocal antioxidants are Vitamins A, C, E, and beta carotene. These special chemicals assist in skin repair and the strengthening of blood vessels. Why do we need them? Antioxidants are necessary because they set upon free radicals. Free radicals are byproducts that are formed when oxygen is used by the body (http//ificinfo.health.org/antidox.htm) . Free radicals lead astray a chain reaction on a lower floor the skins surface, and outlined below is the process of destruction. They have an unpaired electron in their outer orbital... ...ll, B. (1994) Antioxidants in nutrition, health, and disease. 120- 124. Halliwell, B. (1996). Vitamin C Antioxidant or Pro-oxidant in vivo? Free Radical Research, 25, 439-454. Mares-Perlman, J., Klein, R., Klein, B., Greger, J., Brady, W., Palta, M., R itter, L. (1996). tie of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Archives of Ophthalmolgy, 114, 991-997. Rice - Evans, C., Burdon, R. (1994). Free radical damage and its control. 14-19. Shear, N., Malkiewicz, I., Klein, D., Koren, G., Randor, S., Neuman, M. (1995). Acetaminophen-induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell line A431 is small by silymarin. Skin Pharmacology, 8, 279-291. Takema, Y., Yorimoto, Y., Kawai, M., Imokawa, G. (1994). Age-related changes in the bouncy properties and thickness of human facial skin. British Journal of Dermatology, 131, 641-648. Antioxidants and Skin Care Essay -- Dermatology Beauty Health EssaysAntioxidants and Skin CareAging is a natural process of life. However, retailers today are publicizing that their products can reduce or even eliminate the signs of aging. Many cosmetic companies advertise age-defying makeup, which they claim will erase the wrinkles on the skin and produce a newer, fresher look. The m ost recent age-defying product on the market is antioxidants. Claiming that their products will diminish the signs of aging, companies sell volumes of antioxidants to consumers. Their claims offer the controversial questions Can a drug stop the effects of aging? How many capsules does it take to eliminate facial wrinkles? Are these pills simply placebos? OutlineAntioxidants and free radicals How Do Antioxidants Work? Claims about Antioxidant Products The Scientific Foundation of Antioxidants Antioxidants - The Real Hype What Should You Do? Advice for the Consumer References Antioxidants and Free Radicals What are Antioxidants? Antioxidants are chemicals that protect cells by neutralizing external forces (such as damage from the sun, pollution, wind, and temperature) and internal factors (for example, emotions, metabolism, and the presence of excess oxygen). Common antioxidants are Vitamins A, C, E, and beta carotene. These special chemicals assist in skin repair and the strengthenin g of blood vessels. Why do we need them? Antioxidants are necessary because they combat free radicals. Free radicals are byproducts that are formed when oxygen is used by the body (http//ificinfo.health.org/antidox.htm) . Free radicals start a chain reaction under the skins surface, and outlined below is the process of destruction. They have an unpaired electron in their outer orbital... ...ll, B. (1994) Antioxidants in nutrition, health, and disease. 120- 124. Halliwell, B. (1996). Vitamin C Antioxidant or Pro-oxidant in vivo? Free Radical Research, 25, 439-454. Mares-Perlman, J., Klein, R., Klein, B., Greger, J., Brady, W., Palta, M., Ritter, L. (1996). Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Archives of Ophthalmolgy, 114, 991-997. Rice - Evans, C., Burdon, R. (1994). Free radical damage and its control. 14-19. Shear, N., Malkiewicz, I., Klein, D., Koren, G., Randor, S., Neuman, M. (1995). Acetaminophen-induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell line A431 is diminished by silymarin. Skin Pharmacology, 8, 279-291. Takema, Y., Yorimoto, Y., Kawai, M., Imokawa, G. (1994). Age-related changes in the elastic properties and thickness of human facial skin. British Journal of Dermatology, 131, 641-648.

Death by Cell Phone Essay

The newspapers atomic number 18 replete with scores of vehicular accidents. One reads of how a delivery van careens off the railing of a air passage and lands on top of a passenger bus underneath, crushing several people to death. Another article will be about a lading truck losing its brakes and running through the red light at a busy intersection and in the process slams broadside into private vehicle. stock-still another great power be of an SUV that crashes against a flimsy construction barrier and lands into a deep excavation . Poor maintenance, lack of defensive driving skills, and neglectfulness probably account for these accidents.Now, another one can be added to this list of causes driving while using a cell squall. This is about as prevalent as finding chewing gum under a movie theater seat but certainly, much more dangerous. Availability has determined usance if it is there even while driving use it, is the motto. One wonders how the civilized world fared without the cell phone. But for some reason or another it did. It was not too long ago that the Spanish galleons took over 3 months of sailing to deliver a letter from Spain to the colonies.And how the roundtrip the time it took for this same letter to be answered king have taken anywhere from 6 months to a year. Fast forward to today and the thought of leaving a ringing cell phone nonreciprocal for a few minutes even while driving is unthinkable. One can argue that the case against using cell phones while driving is enlarged subsequently all there are hands-free cell phones that allow one to use the cell phone and drive at the same time. We are, after all, multi-taskers, it is argued. plot of ground this facility is available, how many do in fact use hands-free cell phoning.Next time you are on the thruway or freeway, check. While you are at this, also find out how many use the cell phones those coming at you, those to your left, those to your right, those behind you. Is it 1 in 10? 2 in 10? More? Actuarial scientists will probably advise you to raise your insurance coverage or perhaps even suggest that you start victorious another form of transportation (e. g. the subway or some such) even if 1 in 10 of these motorists used the cell phone while driving. It might be argued that the risk of subscribe toting into a vehicular accident while using the cell phone is over-rated?Is it? Consider the statistics how fast is the average speed on an expressway? How many are using cell phones? How many seconds or micro-seconds does it take to initiate an accident? If the answers are that the average speed on an expressway is 60 mph, that at any given time there are more than 1 in 10 using a cell phone and that accidents can occur in the blink of an eyewell the answer becomes deathly obvious. An act that has previously been regarded as a remote possibility today assumes the prospect of a distinct probability.All too often, when we read of these things we deal with t hem by insulating ourselves with anesthetic reassurances that the likelihood is remote, that this are the dire warnings of alarmists, that it cannot happen to us after all, we are not as careless as the others. All that can be said in answer to this is that do not let the morgues and cemeteries get crowded with like-minded motorists. It is not too late to stop using the cell phone while driving. Resist answering that phone it is probably not that important. It can wait. Your life and those of others depend on it

To What Extent Was the Financial Crisis Caused by Too Much or Too Little Government Intervention?

Discussed in this essay will be key federal agents that played in the development of the financial crisis of 2007, an everyplaceview of the causes and instruments use to the stimulate up and possible preventions, followed by the influences from the government, if any that had an underlining effect toward the outcome. The Involvement Of New Bank Innovations Bank capital has a abundant influence on the banking brass effecting loan defaults, profits and bestow, although the amount of outstanding lending has not decreased appropriately in early 2007, not being due to new lending but the previous loan commitments, lines of mention and securitisation. . New innovations have allowed banks reliant on gunstocking merchandise sources, with the rise in the covered bond market and the increase in securitisation make banks dependant on capital markets and less dependant on expanding their loan base allowing banks to easily switch deposits to another(prenominal) forms of financing, acqui ring funds from affiliates for example.2 Growth in securitisation activity created a lack of incentive for banks to grant credit and comply with monetary policy changes, an unregulated approach to the masking of borrowers, checks would assume securities passed through the market allowing borrowers in the past declined credit being able to qualify and later on would lead to greater default order on loans.Thinking that by change the pool of mortgages banks are also passing on the risk, they exposed themselfs , their underwriting issuances, when the market collapsed banks suffered great losses with their related products, by the starting line of 2008 CDO related write downs and credit losses had reached $181 billion the massive decline lead to more cautious investors, greater runniness demand and declining stock, this resulted in massive losses to the bank and securities firms, an example would be the collapse of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers using these examples shows how comp lex the system was and lead to the decline of CDO value this had a direct notification to the US housing market which began early 2007. Derivatives And Insurance The market for subprime mortgages and their securities grew and increased the market for default insurance, taking the form of credit default swaps a derivative security such as the insurance industry this involves gambling, and is estimated $16 trillion greater then the gross domestic product.Government sponsored companies like Fannie Mae refused to lend to buyers wanting to leveraging homes in poor areas, agreeing to these terms they would have to show proof, distributing quotas of mortgages to ethnic minorities wishing to buy, when lenders were unable to meet these quotas Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac persuaded lenders to buy subprime mortgages. A poor investment which was made worse by the fact that charges to subprime borrower were at a higher interest rate increasing the risk of default, for lenders it didnt matter th e worth of the investment unspoilt as long as they could cuckold to the secondary mortgage market. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac packaged mortgages to sell the securities solely based on mortgage payments from the mortgages accumulated, creating securities based on the initial first/last claims of mortgage payments.These companies showed a small profit margin using securitisation but were soon to lose after paying over the odds on subprime mortgages and not enough on the default insurance they provided. 4. The resell of a mortgage to a secondary market is commonly cognise as a mortgage backed security which is often bought by a hedge fund, which then takes out parts of the MBS from the 2nd or third years of the interest only loans, this creates a greater risk but provides a high interest payment, using CDOs with other MBS to then resell to other hedge funds this is known as tranche, profitable until housing prices decline or interest rates restart, making mortgages default.Mortgages provide real(a) value for derivatives, if the substantial value is classed as corporate debt, credit card debt or auto loans the derivative known as CDO, a payment that is due within a year, for instance insurance it can then be known as a CDS, a complicated market to value, unregulated by the SEC content that a lack of rules and oversights were unable to encourage trust and when bankruptcy occurs results in fear amongst the hedge funds and the banking system. Credit Rating Agencies Credit judge agencies shell out a fair amount of blame for the financial crisis, very little regulations regarding rating methods and lack corporate governance. The past 2 years changes in the rating system of organize redit has grown evermore unstable and has created a lack of confidence toward the future stability of credit ratings. CRAs lowered credit risk by applying AAA ratings to tranches like that of CDOs, giving the same ratings to government and corporate bonds creating lower returns, poor rating assessments underestimated credit default risks of subprime mortgages, providing unreliable data relating to the subprime market and underestimated transaction in the defaults that would occur in a downturn, and with more securitisation meant greater portions of credit assets were held by investors assured by credit ratings, increasing the effects of forced selling by corporations using standard investment rules based on ratings.5. Hedge Funds. The hedge fund industry has grown over the past 2 years, fuel by the demand of higher returns from stock market declines and mounting pension fund liabilities, these inflows have had a positive effect on hedge fund returns and risks in recent years, this has been evident in the changes in reduced performance, increased illiquidity, hedge funds were designed by wealthy investors to work anonymously. At time of financial uncertainty rates on low credit illiquid investments, demand for high credit liquid investments, accompanied by the increase in credit spreads lead to greater margin calls and the relaxing of illiquid positions which generate further losses concluding the hedge fund collapse, these funds relied heavily on leverage and used to buy mortgages, as soon as loans were to default, 9investors left and were faced with abrupt liquidation.Credit spread is the strongest to affect hedge funds and during the crisis they were left with contact to emerging markets and similar bond arbitrage. Hedge funds have been effected by the instability of the current financial market, bans on short selling, downturn on asset determine in markets, the decline to take risks through banks and investors, The banking system is also affected through hedge fund risk from proprietary trading activities, credit arrangements, structured products and prime brokerage services. 6. The government played a part in the crisis in a number of ways, Interest rates were kept below guidelines globally prior to 2007 the unregulated structure of how mortgages were packaged and low risk assessment lead to the ise of house prices and the involvement towards the persuasion to buy MBS with Fannie Mae and similar companies which lead to their bankruptcy. 7 Due to the unpredictable downturn of the situation in late 2007 with complex financial products, a lack of equilibrium in credit ratings, bans and the premature sell out of investors in hedge funds, has created a domino effect in the financial market and resulted in the governments failure to identify the real issues in the collapse, polices associated with liquidity were put forward to only create matters worse, and finally realising the failure of the subprime mortgage market the Troubled Asset Relief Program was brought forward to no effect.The unregulated banking system created instability and was inevitable for the bailouts of banks and failing companies. The government had very little influence toward the preventions of the crisis and that in turn made them heavily re sponsible for each factor described above, the lack of regulation and constraints to which resulted in massive cash bailouts with no conditions, this worked as an incentive for the banks to continue as they were, this is evident in the continuation of bonuses scorn substantial losses with banks the governments generosity with bailouts allowed companies like Goldman Sachs to put $2. 6 billion aside for bonuses from a $13 billion bailout.

Book Review: Train to Pakistan Essay

Khushwant Singh opens his novel Train to Pakistan in a seemingly peaceful colony on the countryside of Punjabi. Although the small vill suppurate is fictional, it is important to note the historical signifi stinkpotce this village, its tribe, and the time period be in the novel. Revered as a unrivalled of the finest and best- known renditions of the Indian calamity of partition, Train to Pakistan embodies more than a fictitious community. The following literary analysis will depict the consequence of tender calamity by analyzing the political recital of India, the social and cultural struggle of the people, and the moral message and character development.It is evident that Singh did not want to make this novel a political recount because he shies away from describing the political role of the British and the Indian people in much detail. However, to understand the novels progression, it is essential to examine the historical background. Singh bases his relatively short novel in the year 1947 in India in other words, in the midst of the India Independence Act of 1947 which resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire. Unfortunately, the British withdrawal did not lead to a unified, free India, but instead divided into two, struggling, newly instituted states of India and Pakistan.At midnight of August 15 of 1947, the two governments of India and Pakistan concurrently declared independence, officially trying to separate Muslims from Sikhs. This violent divide between the two governments lead to the displacement of approximately 12.5 million men, women, and children and a death cost between several hundred thousand to wizard million. The violent nature of partition created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion that still hangs in the duck soup between the two sides today. Singh, who was thirty at the time of partition, published angiotensin-converting enzyme of the few first-hand accounts of this human tragedy that is now fading into history. Nevertheless, he captivates his audience in the retelling of a major human dispute.This leads into the social and cultural struggle determined by the setting of Train to Pakistan. In the brief novel, we, as the reader, get the medical prognosis to know many of characters in great detail. Examination of these varied groups of people not only increases cultural and social understanding of that time and place, but excessively shows that the blame could not be placed on any one group everyone was responsible. In fact, in the opening sentences of the book Singh writes, Muslims said the Hindus had planned and started the killing. check to the Hindus, the Muslims were to blame. The fact is, both sides killed. Both shot and stabbed and speared and clubbed. Both tortured. Both raped (1). From a readers stand point, it is important to note this passages significance. Singh wanted to make it clear that blame must be shared for these inhumane acts. As I stated before, Singh ope ns his novel by recreating a minute village in the Punjabi countryside called Mano Majra.Set next to a railway line that crosses the rising Sutlej River, the lives of the inhabitants of Mano Majra would fatefully change one summer season. The fictional village on the border of Pakistan and India is predominantly made up of Sikh farmers and Muslim tenants. Singh depicts how the residents of Mano Majra lived in an almost ignorant seclusion, surrounded by mobs of Muslims who hate Sikhs and mobs of Sikhs who hate Muslims however, in the village the people had always lived harmoniously. Villagers were unaware close to the happenings of larger scope than the village stunnedskirts, which Singh depicts in the mystery of the watchs full of executeed people. This obliviousness made them especially conquerable to outside views. In fact, the most heart-rending passage in the book comes out of the peoples cluelessness when the government makes the decision to transport all the Muslim famil ies from Mano Majra to Pakistan. unrivalled Muslim said, What have we to do with Pakistan? We were born here. So were our ancestors. We have lived amongst Sikhs as brothers (126). The dumbstruck villagers are overtaken by events as a small joint army convoy, containing one unit of Sikh soldiers and one of Baluch and Pathans, arrives in the village and orders the Muslims to board within ten minutes. They do so with the barest minimum of their meager belongings. The Muslim officer politely shakes reach with his Sikh colleague, and sets off with his caravan to Pakistan, leaving the non-Muslim families without a chance to say goodbye. After the Muslims flee to a refugee camp from where they will eventually go to Pakistan, a cluster of religious agitators come to Mano Majra and instill in the local Sikhs a hatred for Muslims and convinces a local clustering to begin mass murder as the Muslims leave on their train to Pakistan.This entire scene takes place after we are familiar with th e characters, and it is painful at many levels the poverty in which these people live the terrible uncertainty they are suddenly cast into and at least temporarily, the eclipse of peoples humanity. To continue, if these groups of people (i.e. government workers and general citizens) are scrutinized on a closer level than their religious affections, a more detailed social structure emerges. First, government officials were corrupt and manipulative of villagers. They could haul anyone they chose for any reason, more often than not for their own benefit. They did just enough in terms of dealing with the dispute so that nobody could say that they did not do anything, as I will point out later with Iqbal and Juggut. The law enforcement was completely at the whim of the local government, meaning that in practice, on that point was no law.Also, small amounts of educated people trickled in and out of villages, trying to instill in people democratic, communist, or other western ideologies , though the reciprocal people were turned off and confuse by their dissent. An example of this is when a villager explain, Freedom is for the educated people who fought for it. We were slaves of the English, now we will be slaves of the educated Indiansor the Pakistanis (48). More than midway through the novel, Singh depicts a scene in which the villagers learn that the government was planning to transport Muslims from Mano Majra to Pakistan the next day for their safety. To better understand the home surrounding the Partition of India, Singh provides information about both religions involved. The book sheds light on the various religious practices of both Sikhs and Muslims in rural India, including periodical animation for individuals from both practices.For example, the practice of prayer for Muslims is described in the novel The mullah at the mosque knows that it is time for the Morning Prayer. He has a quick wash, stands facing west towards Mecca and with his fingers in his ears cries in long sonorous notes, Allah-o-Akbar (4). Singh points out practices of Sikhs as well, The priest at the Sikh temple lies in bed till the mullah has called. Then he as well gets up, draws a bucket of water from the well in the temple courtyard, pours it over himself, and intones his prayer in monotonous singsong to the sound of splashing water (5). These daily routines are not necessarily provided to exemplify the differences between the two religions, but more so how they rely and have a friendly tolerance for one another and the unfortunate changes the compatibility would undergo.In addition to giving an understanding of human actions and pointing out that everyone was responsible, Khushwant Singh sketches his characters with a sure and steady hand, and we come to know quite a cast. Foremost, Hukum Chand is the regional magistrate, and the most influential character in the story for many symbolic purposes. It becomes noticeable that he is a morally conflicted man who has probably used his power over the years with much corruption. He is often described with a dirty physical appearance which is important emblematically because it is as if he is overwhelmed with feculent actions and sins and is trying to wash himself of them. Hukum Chands ethical issues are also shown in one of repeated encounters he has with two geckos. Allegorically, we can likely infer that these geckos represent Muslims and Hindus in conflict and on the verge of fighting one another. When the geckos start fighting, they fall right next to him, and he panics.The guilt he gets from not dower when he has more than enough power to do so literally jumps onto him Hukum Chand felt as if he had touched the lizards and they had made his hands dirty. He rubbed his hands on the hem of his shirt. It was not the sort of dirt which could be wiped off or washed clean (24). Alcoholism is another tool Hukum Chand uses in attempt to clean his conscience. He feels the guilt of his actions by d ay but is able to justify them with alcohol and visits from the teenage prostitute Haseena, a girl that is the same age as his deceased daughter. In all his conflictions, Hukum Chand is able to acknowledge that what he is doing is bad, but is still unable to promote good possibly inferring to the weakness of the human will or at least of those in power.The two other main characters featured in the novel are Iqbal Singh and Juggut Singh, and they are likely meant to be contrasted. Iqbal is described as a slightly effeminate, well-educated and atheist (which is symbolic as his ambiguous name makes his family religion unidentifiable) social worker from Britain who thinks politically and cynically. Iqbal can easily represent modernity as he has purposely forgotten his traditional Sikh heritage and culturally adapted to the Western life genius by cutting his hair and going through circumcision. Juggut, conversely, is a towering, muscular, and uneducated villager who places action over t hought and is known for frequent arrests and gang problems. When the Hindu money-lender is murdered, it is as if the novel is warming Iqbal and Juggut up for comparison, as they were both arrested for the same murder they did not commit and were placed in adjacent cells.In that time, a train pulls up full of dead corpses, obviously symbolic and representative of the violence and torment the two sides, Muslim and Sikh, placed upon one another. Upon the prisoners release, they learned that a gang was planning to attack the train taking Mano Majras Muslim population to Pakistan. They each had the potential to save the train, though it was recognized that this would cost their lives. Although Singh leaves us teasing who the heroic figure of the novel is, it is easy to place Juggut in the role of martyr. He acts on instinct after he found out about the fiasco that was going on, and then sacrifices his life to save the train.Iqbal, on the other hand, spends pages wondering to himself whe ther he should do something, revealing a moral irony The skunk is neutral. It hits the good and the bad, the important and the insignificant, without distinction. If there were people to see the act of self-immolationthe sacrifice might be worth while a moral lesson might be conveyedthe point of sacrificeis the purpose. For the purpose, it is not enough that a thing is intrinsically good it must be known to be good. It is not enough to know within ones self that one is in the right (170).The questions of right versus wrong which Singh poses throughout the book are numerous, including those of what one should do when one has the opportunity to prevent something bad, when an act of goodwill is truly worthwhile, and how much importance is the consciousness of the bad. Train to Pakistan represents what one calls an eye-opener. Many times people block out or remain ambivalent to difficult circumstances surrounding them, but Singh writes, with multiple gruesome and explicit accounts of d eath, torture, and rape for the public to read, to make the case that people need to know about those improbable dangers.

Assessment Project Essay

There are 3 main types of estimation initial, summative & formative. Initial sound judgments aim is to create a profile of the apprentice this can be achieved informally by enclotheting questions relating to the learners previous knowledge skills & experience relating to the subject area, or by take oning the learner wherefore they go enrolled on the course & what they wish to achieve from it. The more formal method of completing an initial estimation known as a diagnostic assessment this will assist in identifying the learners capabilities, & what support will be indispensablenessed to be offered to them for successful completion of the programme.On the course I teach which a level 1 chefs sheepskin on that point is a skills test is carried out at the interview. The candidate is asked to cook off an omelette in swan to assess his current levels of culinary skills. There are alike diagnostic tests carried out relating to functional skills as these run on board the dipl oma at various levels, to support the students. The tests allow the students to be popd in the appropriate set in order that they can improve these key skills alongside the diploma during their time at college. According to Petty. G. 2004 this is closing the gap as it allows the programme to be moved nearer to the student.Support buss are also allocated to each class to assist those students with erudition difficulties, for example I have several students in my class with dyslexia & literacy issues. An initial assessment could also be utilize to produce critical selective information that call for to go on the students profile at Shrewsbury we are aware of all students preferred learning styles VARKS, this assists us in lesson planning so we deliver our lessons according to the groups preferred learning styles. As the VARKS questionnaire will indicate your preference for taking in & putting out information in a learning context.The questionnaire only consists of 16 questions i n order that those who complete the questionnaire are focused. Data produced from the questionnaire so far indicate that mens preferred learning style is kinaesthetic where as the female learning style preference is reading & writing. As Wilson. l. 2009 states many organisations are measured & funded on their success, therefore it is important the right learner is on the right course & receiving the right support. A through initial assessment will allow this to betide which in the long term will benefit the learner & the education establishment.Formative assessment is assessment throughout the course. The aim of this is to nominate feedback to the learner in order that the learner can improve their writ of execution throughout the course in order that they can achieve the maximum grades. As Petty. G. 2004 states for this to be telling the students should be given a medal which would be achieved by being given positive feedback about an area of their start. The mission is infor mation about what needs improving this should be approached in a constructive manner a mission could be a target for the next piece of work or highlighting areas for improvement on the current piece of work. Formative assessment which I carry out is by verbal questioning throughout the lesson, dole outs using follow up questions to check the students have acquired knowledge & are not just providing the answers without the reasons behind them. I carry out a lot of questioning at the end of my school terms after I have summarised as well at the start of the next session to confirm the learning points from the sound lecture. I also write & give out scripted tests at the end of the session. Some of these will be short answer questions in order for me to gauge the depth of knowledge the student has about the subject some will require brief explanations .For example explain why it is dangerous to admiration hot food below 63 degrees C. I feedback marks to the students, this can also assist me if a majority of students have got the answer wrong I can check their understanding of this area & review my teaching in of this topic area to ensure improved learning takes place next time. The principles of assessment are described by Wilson. L. 2009 with the acronym CADET. Consistency is the first principle all assessments should be at a level standard. The assessments should also be accessible to the learners.Assessments should be detailed & cover all parts of the curriculum & not vary away from it. Learners should have also have earnt their qualifications therefore the qualification will have real meaning & be valid. Finally all those who take part in the answer must fully understand it & the desired upshots thus the process should be transparent. I am aware that short answer question verbal & written do not queer the depth of the learners knowledge as according to Bloom information or a fact can be conceiveed to mind however the learner will not be fitting to do anything with the information this is known as shallow learning. Deep learning according to Bloom is to apply the fact to different situations, & to be able to demonstrate & argue around the fact/ information. In order to ensure the learning is of a deep nature once the fact has been established secondary questions stating why or can you explain that can be used, this will assist you in assessing the depth of the learners knowledge as a result of your teaching. The same applies to written questions rather than asking what colour fire extinguisher is used on an hot oil fire , which just reveals shallow knowledge it is better to ask Why does a yellow fire extinguisher work on a deep fat fire ?This will cause the learner to reveal his depth of knowledge. I use observation as a form of assessment when I supervise the students who work alongside me in the college refectory. I provide them with feedback at the end of their session. I have also issued them with customer service logs for them to self assess their own performance, they write down how they have handled customer complaints or how they went that extra mile for the customer. I sign these logs off at the end of each session with my comments against their own self assessment.I also use ruse to assess them, I will act as a customer asking for a healthy option or stating I cannot eat ail do the foods on display contain any garlic, in order to check their product knowledge of what they are serving. At the end of each session in the refectory the students receive a written assessment of their performance from me which they maintain as evidence in their work file. The criterion that I base their performance on is based around the summative assessment that they have to complete as part of their course.I have issued all students with a copy of these criteria in order that they can work on the keys areas of performance. I also feedback to them on areas of shortfall that on the formal assessment day may cause the m to fail, in order that they are fully prepared for the assessment. For example if they are late , inappropriately dressed or use their mobile in the work situation. summational assessment is more formal & is usually associated with tests & exams. The course I teach is a City & Guilds qualification. On completion of each area of the course there is a summative City & Guilds test that the students have to complete.These summative tests take different forms they can be short questions based on work place scenarios, production of a leaflet or an information package relating to the topic that students have just studied. Each assignment is graded by me in eminence with the City & guilds marking criteria . Samples of my marked work are checked by other tutors to ensure quality control & consistency in marking. City & Guilds also employ an external verifier who will check samples of students work which I have marked. The same principles apply to my practical assessments they are interna lly & externally substantiate .I have failed two students on one theory test as I could cope with from the answers that copying had occurred I was also able to recall that these two students were sitting next to each other. This backs up the comment For assessment to work fairly all parties must play the game Times education Supplement 2001. I have also failed work on the grounds of plagiarism , I could tell from the language used & the overall standard of work compared to the students normal standard of work , that this piece of work was not his own.When marking work I always comment on unafraid practice first as stated by Reece I & Walker. S. 2003, this will act as motivation for the student rather than starting on the areas that need improvement. In order to record students progress we have a large master sheet outside the office with all the students names on, a pillar that indicates the work has been completed & at what grade this means at a quick glance we can monitor how students are progressing as far as grades & completion of course work.We have over 60 students on the course there are 3 tutors including myself who are responsible for maintaining our own records for those we teach . one time we have marked, graded work & fed back to the learners it is placed in a central filing cabinet, where each learner has his own file, which can past be accessed by internal & external verifiers Differentiation should also be taken into account when conducting assessments. I have several students in my group with learning difficulties.There is one who due to literacy issues has difficulty in understanding questions, so when there is a written test I read the questions to him & explain the outcome that the question requires from him. I also plan my questions according to the learners abilities using the stretching questions for those students who have a higher academic ability. Other forms of assessment that apply to the teacher are self assessment & peer ass essment. During in my time at the college I have already had one peer assessment from my teaching coach.The college also requires you to organise a peer assessment with a teacher from a different vocational area I have unionized mine with someone from the finance department. This practice is designed so you can pick up hot teaching practice from another area of the college & see the methods used to teach other subjects. I also carry out self evaluations on my sessions in order that I can carry good practice forward & review areas of lessons that did not work, this is very important in my first year of teaching as I am learning a lot on my feet in the classroom.The students have a self assessment exercise within their course. They are asked to work in teams to produce a set menu in the restaurant then write their own critic of how they performed & what their contribution was & how this could be improved. This critique will be marked by the tutor who was present when the practical e xercise took place. In summary comprehensive assessment initial, summative & formative is essential throughout the learners journey.Students are assessed for a number of reasons which include motivation, to create learning opportunities, to give feedback and to grade from an internal & external point of view. Reference List Reece. I. & Walker. S. (2003) Teaching Training & Learning, 5th Edition, stock Education Publishers, Sunderland,p317 Rage . P. (2001) Times Higher Educational Supplement 2,000 Tips for Lecturers,Routledge, Oxon, p117 Petty. (2004), Teaching Today, 3rd edition, Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham p Wilson. L. (2009),Practical Teaching a guide to PTLLS & DTLLS, Cenage Learning Hampshire.

Dak Son Massacre Essay

During the winter of 1967, the people of Dak Son village had no root word what was bound to transpire just mere weeks before Christmas. Unfortunately, when America said it would aid South Vietnam in their struggle to avoid and annihilate the opposing communistic forces North Vietnam and Viet Cong, they didnt assume that such atrocities were even humanely possible during a war, which caught America more by surprise than they had expected, leaving them with no plectrum but to exhibit absolutely no mercy to their enemies. Thus, leaving the United States viewing the war as a way to prevent communist putsch and repeal the domino theory. So, we fast forward eight years into the war, long after both sides are seen to be nothing short of ruthless as well as practically nothing less than fearless. They seemed to be pretty evenly matched throughout quite possibly the longest, most grueling war Vietnam has incessantly gone through.Since the Viet Congs headquarters were based in the south, i t gave them much more accuracy and success when planning any sort of attack because they see everything their competition tries to hide. Eventually, the war ended up as a compilation of many, many massacres Dak Son village being one of the of the few that had survivors give testimonies to the horrors they had to stick up solely because they disagreed with communism and the possibility of this village helping some refugees of the Viet Cong escape leading them to reply with an outlandish act of complete and utter vengeance. This left the Viet Cong with no choice but to act upon the burning fiery fuchsia that is their anger.Two battalions of Viet Cong systematically killed 252 civilians with flame-throwers and grenades that week in December, a vengeance attack on a bantam village less than a mile from the capital in Phuoc Long Province. Survivors of the December 6 attack said the VC (Viet Cong) shouted their intentions to wipe out the hamlet of Dak Son as they struck from the surr ounding jungle. A local defense force of 54 men gave ground before the estimated 300 supply communists. The village wasnt exactly prepared for this sort of uncalled for attack, leaving them in utter shambles upon the departure of the Viet Cong. According to the survivors, the VC (Viet Cong) ranged up and down the hamlet streets, systematically burning more than half the 150 thatched homes of the community. Two defenders were killed, four wounded and three are missing.Many of the victims were burned to death in their homes, others, who fled to underground shelters, died as flame-throwers with their napalm-based fuel, were directed into the small shelters. Other Viet Cong threw hand grenades into holes where families were covered. This was certainly a war where morals had no backup and the only thing that was relied upon was our selfish, animal instincts with how we deal the reverse who are our fellow human beings nonetheless.

Chimerism in Humans

chimaera according to the genome glossary is an organism which possesses cells or tissues with a different genotype. This can be caused due to mutated cells of the host organism or cells from a different organism or species.According to Greek mythology, the original Chimera (pronounced as kih-MEE-ra, and the adjective bounce chimerical pronounced as kih-MER-ih-cal) was a fire-breathing female monster with the head of a lion, the corpse of a goat and the hindquarters of a dragon. The terrifying Chimera may have merely been a product of a substandard family environment her father was the giant Typhon, her mother the half-serpent Echidna. Her siblings were the Cerebrus (the three-headed hound who eventually found doing guarding the gates of Hell), Hydra (a nine-headed aquatic monster) and Orthrus (the runt of the litter, a prosaic both-headed dog). As per the mythology, Chimera pounced around making everyone wretched until one day a world named Bellerophon, riding on the winged h orse Pegasus slays her. Author unknown, Chimera, 2004though believed to be a mythological epic, it was found that cases of Chimera were actually prevalent in humans when accredited intriguing criminal cases erupted. One such case was when a woman has been raped by a man and the women claimed a particular soulfulness to be the culprit. However, the aversion justice authorities had found it difficult to convict the suspect. It so happened that the desoxyribonucleic acid taken from his transmission line pattern did not match the DNA of the suspect. However, encompassing investigation and the victims statements revealed it to be same person being responsible for the disgust. When another series of DNA tests were taken from the suspect, this time from his hair sample it was found that the DNA sample perfectly matched. This revealed a breathtaking phenomenon among human genome which has resulted in various problems in the criminal justice system.Those people who have two types of D NA in their body be called chimeras after the mythological creature with a head of lion, body of a goat and a tail of a serpent. These people be sometimes also referred to as mosaics. It has found that these people have two different types of DNA in various parts of their body. Though a r atomic number 18 occurrence, this could have been due to various reasons. Vladar, 2004One of the common reasons is that chimeras are cultivateed if developing biovular twin embryos join together to go away one embryo. This is something which is completely opposite of identical twins who are formed when a single embryo splits into two. This occurrence takes place in the very early on stages of the embryo development i.e. when it is still in the form of unspecialized cells, so when it develops the baby that is born is healthy but with two types of DNAs. It is also found that fraternal twins dont have same set of DNA, however, they the two fraternal twin embryos fuse together it results in chime ra.Another reason for chimeras to form is when developing fraternal twin share the same blood supply. This usually happens when the twins with different DNA share a placenta in the mothers womb and cells from their blood mix together. This results in the twins being chimeras based on only their blood as other cells are not unnatural by the blood supply. Chimeras are also formed through some mistakes or mutations taking place in the division of the cells in the development embryo. This in the first place takes place when the cells split into two so that they are able to be formed into more(prenominal) of themselves for the growth of the embryo. It also results in the the doubling up of the DNA by the cells which gets divided between the two new halves. During this process, if something goes wrong, then some new cells result in having different DNA. If this happens in the early stages of the development, then the tissues which are developed from the cells will have different genoty pe.It is difficult to gauge the exact number of chimeras in the world. We are able to find out whether a person is a chimera or not only when his / her DNA is analysed. This causes varied problems with regards to solving of crime cases and also results in complication with regards to donation of organs. In youthful years, exciting results have been found out that a section of genetically incompatible cells may contribute to conditions like infertility, autism and Alzheimers disease. Migliore, L et al, 1999Human chimeraism came into being with approaching of blood typing and it was found that some people had more than two types of blood group. Most of the cases of chimeraism are the blood chimeraism i.e. non-identical twins sharing a blood supply in the womb. Twin embryos often share a blood supply in the placenta, allowing blood stem cells to pass from one embryo and corroborate in the bone marrow of the other, seeding a lasting source of blood. As a result, almost 8% of non-iden tical twin pairs have chimeric blood. van Dijk, B A Boomsma, D I and de Man, A J M, 1996Apart from those who have chimera due to different blood types, there are even larger meter of people who have this phenomenon due to carrying smaller numbers of different blood cells that may have passed through the mother and the fetus across the placenta or remain from a blood transfusion. It has also been analysed that the presence of some foreign white blood cells might be the cause for autoimmune diseases wherein the immune system affects the bodys own tissues. Nelson, J L, 2002True chimeras are usually identified when they possess male and female cells resulting in the formation of hermaphrodites or any tie in problem in the persons sexual organs and their chromosomal sex is identified by their blood test. So the real number of chimeras and mosaics are much more than those that have been identified till date. Unless and until a chimera comes forward to get his blood sampled or has been convicted for a crime, it wouldnt be thinkable to know whether he actually is a chimera. This has resulted in further complication in solving some crime justice cases.It has been also analyzed that with the step-up in in-vitro fertilization (IVF), there has an increase in the cases of chimeras. To avoid infertility among women, IVF has been quite common in the present day scenario. In this process, two or more embryos are placed in a womans uterus so there is an increased success rate. This results in 25% more cases of twin pregnancies than expected. With the increased number of twins, there is likelihood of more cases of chimeras. This was proved by Bonthron who found out that the British hermaphrodite boy who was a chimera was formed by IVF. Strain, L Dean, J C S Hamilton, M P R and Bonthron, D T 1998According to various tests undertaken along with ultrasound examinations performed on the mother who was carrying the single fetus, the baby that was born had a normal right testi s and a semi-developed left testis. An operation was conducted when the barbarian was 15 months emeritus and the surgeons re coind an abnormal gonad and vas deferens. Pathology studies later exposed that these were actually an ovary with a fallopian tube attached.Studies revealed that the nippers chromosomes had both female (XX) and male (XY) cell lines. This was explained to be that the child was an exceptional case of a true chimera which was a mixture of two embryos from separately fertilized eggs. The other likelihood was that two different sperm had unco developed into a single mature egg before cell division had taken place. To distinguish between these possibilities, the researchers analyzed DNA near the centromeres of the childs chromosomes, which are involved in cell division. Author unknown, DNA puzzle of mother made of two women, 2004Apart from this, the study conducted also revealed that chimerism can occur naturally, resulting in children with subdued genitalia, ho wever published data on the phenomenon is very restricted and many XX/XY children may go unnoticed. Even so, the fact that chimerism occurred in a child born following in vitro fertilization should be taken seriously. Author unknown, 2004 In Vitro Fertilization Results In Chimera, 2004Considering these above points, it is becoming more and more difficult for the crime justice system to analyze the crime due to the increase in the cases of chimeraism and mosaicism which in turn is increasing with the increase in in-vitro fertilization. The criminals are able to move about freely as their blood samples usually differ from their other DNA samples taken from different parts of the body. It is also becoming difficult for the crime justice system as well as the medical system to analyze the exact number of chimeras as it is very difficult with the increase in mutations.

Locker Searches

Wonjung Hwang Mr. Chonko English 10 Period 3 19 November 2012 console Searches Weve all seen enough crime shows to know what to do if the police knock on your door and engage to search your property stand, look indignant and demand to see their warrant. After all, its your property, and unless you give permission or a judge orders the search, you should have control over what you have, right? Yesprovided youre not a student. If youre in a school day environment, teachers and administrators can search without either permission or a warrant.School should search their students lockers because school is responsible for their students, no privacy concerns, and to protect students. Every school is responsible for the students and the safety of them. For their safety, schools have the right to search the students lockers if they atomic number 18 suspicious about having inappropriate things such as drugs, alcohols, and weapons in their lockers. By searching the lockers, they get at sur e all the students are in safe environment around the school.Diane Cooper, the president of the East Orange Board of Education says Students have to feel that they are protected from unauthorized or unprovoked harassment. It is the schools responsibility to keep the school safe and clean, and to keep the students protected. at that place is no privacy concerns while locker searching. Students are merely allowed to use lockers as they keep sports equipment, library books, textbooks, and so on. Moreover, the books and equipments which stay in lockers are the property of schools. storage lockers are as well as originally schools property as well and they can be taken back without notice.If the students know that they are going to be in trouble for certain thing, they should not even dumbfound it to school. In addition, being in an agreement for the locker searches is a part of being in a school community where you have to accept the schools rules and responsibilities. Students mu st trust teachers and police officers to perform locker searches and should believe that they are trying to protect students from drugs and weapons, not invading the privacy. According to a new study by the National Center for Education Statistics, about 35 percent of American high school students are carrying or have carried weapons on school property.This is the end of not paying enough attention to the students and not trying to protect them from any weapons. In the article State Urges Schools to Begin Random Searches of Students Lockers by sunrise(prenominal) York Times, the State Attorney General, Peter G. Verniero says If youve got reasonable suspicion for conducting a search, by all means you should conduct a search, because the bottom line is we want to impede a tragedy from happening in the first place. If students carry weapons are keep them in their lockers, the accidents always can happen.By searching lockers, we can stop these disasters from happening. Locker search es are necessary due to the schools responsibility of their students, no privacy concerns, and protection of the students. The school should keep the school clean and safe for the students and pay attention to the students. There are no privacy concerns because the lockers are schools belongings, and it is part of being a school community to accept school policies. By searching lockers, the school also can protect students from being addicted to drugs or avoid a tragedy from happening.

Brutus in an Honorable Man.

Estne Virtus? Confucius said that, People with virtue must speak out mess who speak be non all vestal. Confucius lived in China around 500 BCE and voiced novel opinions on virtue, politics, ethics, and other(a) abstract ideas. Even today, thousands of years later, many an(prenominal) large number believe in Confucianism. Confucius was very vocal. In Shakespeares Julius Caesar no man is much than vocal than Brutus. He assassinates Caesar, pleads to the people for their support, and conducts war with Octavian and Marc Anthony. But is he guiltless? Brutus is not necessarily virtuous he does all of these actions to gain glory and to show his virtue.Everyone should aspire to be virtuous. However, as seen by Marc Antony and Cassius manipulating Brutus and Brutuss death, spendthrift pursuit of virtue can be detrimental. Brutuss excessive obsession for virtue leads to his failure. Brutus loves Julius Caesar however Cassius manages to turn Brutus against Caesar by taking advantage of Brutuss obsession with virtue. Cassius urges Brutus to commemorate of the world and kill Caesar for the good of Rome (1. 2 329). Cassius explains to Brutus that Caesar must be killed in order to protect Rome, and not be birth of any other reason, like Cassiuss jealousy.Cassius explains that Caesar is unfit, saying that Caesar cannot even swim, and unworthy to regulating Rome, saying that Brutus is more fit. Brutus does not respond to the statements made by Cassius, and draws more attention to the general shouts of the people (1. 2 139). Brutus avoids the questions and must recount hereafter of Cassiuss reasoning, Brutus needs time to consider if the camarilla is virtuous or not (1. 2 174). If virtuous, then he will act. Although Brutus does admit that Brutus had rather be a villager / than to repute himself a son of Rome / under these hard conditions at this time / is like to coiffe upon us (1. 181-184). Brutus dislikes the dishonor that the tyranny of Caesar brings to Rome . He thinks it detracts from his own virtue. He cares for his virtue. Later on, Cassius also sends letters to Brutus posing as papistical citizens. Cassius gives Brutus the impression that citizens beg him to speak, strike, and redress (2. 1 49). When Brutus thinks that the people want Caesar to fall, Brutus tells himself that he joins the conspiracy for the people. In actuality, he joins the conspiracy not to preserve the Republic besides to show virtue, to look better, more virtuous, in the eyes of the Roman people.Brutus is not concerned for the people, scarcely for his image when he joins the conspiracy. Brutus should kill Marc Antony when he has the chance, and not be so concerned for his own image. For instance, when Cassius proposes to Brutus that they kill Antony along with Caesar, Brutus thinks that by killing Antony the people will look to him as butcher and not a sacrificer (2. 1 179). Instead, Brutus wants the conspirators to appear to the common eyes as purgers, not murderers (2. 1 192 193). This shows that Brutus bases his choices on whether or not people would view him as virtuous.Although, he acts foolishly, for he not only prevents the conspirators from killing Antony, he allows Antony, Caesars right hand man, to speak last in Caesars funeral. To Brutus, Antony can do nothing more than Caesars arm / When Caesars head is box off (2. 1 195-196). Brutus lets Antony speak because it would be viewed as an act of kindness and forgiveness to what was an enemy previously. When Antony enters the rostrum after Brutus, he wins the crowd and convinces them of the conspiracys evil. The crowd, the Roman people, now want to set open fire to the traitors houses (3. 269). Brutus thinks he fights for the people, though the people think otherwise. If Brutus had killed Antony, and not been so concerned about virtue, Brutus would have been satisfactory to remain in Rome, remain loved by his people. Brutus commits suicide because he believes that doing so wi ll cause people will think of him as virtuous. Brutus is left to fight Antony and Octavian by himself at Philippi because Cassius kills himself. learned the circumstances, Brutus would rather leap in the pit himself than tarry till they push him (5. 28-29). Brutus would just as concisely kill himself than have himself killed. His reasoning come from the Roman belief that when a person faces dishonor, maybe a military loss, killing oneself is a virtuous way to still obtain honor in infract of what occurred. He declares I love / the name of honor more than he fears death and so he runs onto his trade name (1. 2 95-96). In doing so Brutus has now doomed the preservation of the Republic for the people. If Brutus had cared for the people, he would have go along to fight for them. Brutus shows that, ontrary to what he says, he has the most concern for his own image and not the well-being of the Roman people. Brutus is a selfish man, not a virtuous man. Brutus fails not because he obt ains an excessive amount of virtue, but because he hunted for virtue excessively. He hunts for glory and virtue so obsessively that he loses mavin of what he believes in. Brutus is known to many as the man of great virtue. Although, the virtue of Brutus is forced, unnatural. In the end, this in itself is not virtuous. Virtue, or any characteristic, comes from the manner in which an action is performed and not the result.Odysseus is a similar man. He does many virtuous acts, although he acts knowingly that his effect, the result of his actions, will be virtuous. Odysseus took on both Scylla and Charybdis, evil sea monsters, so he himself could demonstrate his superior virtue. Many of his shipmates, and nearly himself, are killed. Odysseus survives become more virtuous, more honorable, for surviving both monsters. Although, if one looks towards how these men performed these actions, they see no virtue. After all, it is not what one does, but how one does it.

Describe the Reaction of British People to the Argentinean Invasion of the Falkland Islands

There were huge number of varied reactions and emotions shown by the British bulk following the invasion of the Argentinean junta of the Falklands. These included outrage, humiliation, anger, resentment, fear, pride and even shame. untold of the world-class response was of shame. The good deal were embarrassed that a once-great country could suffer such a humiliation in losing its territory to the Argentineans. Initially this reaction was vented upon the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and many concourse including influential politicians called for her resignation in the early stages of the conflict in the South Atlantic.Many were outraged that Argentina had on the face of it beaten the British, because they thought that the Latin Americans were not a real adult male power. As whiz dissatisfied Brit said to The Daily Mail, Mrs Thatcher will not only go down in account statement as the first woman Prime minister but possibly the first to allow a Spanish speaking nation to defeat us. Sir Francis drake must be turning in his grave. This chauvinism added to the guts of humiliation and, despite being the words of a solitary person, is an exemplar of the resentment that was being tell towards the Prime Minister.Spawned by this feeling of humiliation arose one of anger. once more the anger was often directed at the g everywherenment and, as I before, specifically at Margaret Thatcher. People looked at her leadership and cut weakness, believe her neither willing nor strong enough to defend her countrys history and heritage. After all the British had been for centuries one of the most successful militaries on the planet. Some even used the Argentinians disposals decision to invade the Falklands, as a way to criticise the way the British government was run.The Times wrote The Prime Minister should have resigned over the humiliation of the Falkland islands. Some said that regaining the Falklands was a secondary objective, after sorting out interior(pr enominal) the political locating, which many disliked and didnt support. However, Margaret Thatcher was not the only focus for public outrage and anger. The British people also commonly resented the Argentinians for their invasion. There was even a show of open trespass towards the Argentinian embassador in London when an egg was thrown at his residence.Other displays of resentment included one famous, world cup-winning Argentinian footballer, Ossie Ardiles, being forced to give up playing in England due to the hostile interposition he received from some opposing fans. Tesco banned the sale of Argentinian corned beef and Brooke adhesion Oxo, a company selling Argentinian meat, halted its imports in protest at the invasion. At Westminster no Argentinian food was allowed to be sold in any of the canteens or restaurants. One football team in Sussex refused to wear their new kit, a copy of the Argentinian international strip, as a protest and a display of anger.One newspaper, The T imes again, condemned the Argentinian invasion saying Argentinas seizure of the Falkland Islands is as perfect an example of unprovoked aggression and military expansion as the world has had to witness since the end of Adolf Hitler. News insurance coverage like this further provoked the resentment and stirred popular anger against Argentina. This type of journalism, aimed at disrupting the slumber and adding to the publics angry view of Argentina, was rife amongst the newspapers of the time.As well as anger, a popular view was the panorama that British pride was at stake and action must be taken to counter the aggression to restore the countrys reputation. It was commonly believed that the majority of the British population cute to use force to regain the Falklands and that they saw resolving the matter as very important. The Times reported that Seventy percent of British people believe the Royal Navy should sink Argentinian ships. This shows the extent of resentment in the mi nds of the British people towards the Argentinians.If the poll was representative of the British peoples view, it shows the real strength of popular opinion. It is very strong backing for war. This was seen when the first battleships set course for the Falklands. There were huge crowds at the ports cheering and holding messages of support for the Navy. Tens of thousands of people were on that point to support the fleet and their loved ones. There was joy at the prospect of beating the Argentinians and pride in the people whom were to do it.However, there were clearly also some who did not want violence or war. There were people whose main interest in the islands was the safety and well-being of the 1800 occupants. Many wanted the root to be a negotiated, rather than a forceful or violent one, to make the situation as easy and un-stressful as possible for the islanders. Support for this ideal was led by Tony Benn of the Labour Party. He wanted the party to oppose the plans to invad e the Falklands in a response to the Argentinian one.Some comes found only any support for the total declaration of war by the British government. This was true of a survey by The Manchester Evening News. One person said that the liberation of the Falkland Islands was a secondary objective base sorting out the political situation at home, which had created a tangible atmosphere of blood thirst. He blamed the misguided government and media, for generating overly passionate and violent feelings about the Argentine invasion.Again this, despite being a solitary opinion, was an example of the widely held belief that the government were handling the situation poorly and the use of force was not as important as somepoliticians and media figures suggested. Ossie Ardiles, the abused footballer, said, Most of the British people dont even seem to know where the islands are. They are only finding out now by dint of newspaper reports. This again is an example of the way the media were respo nsible for some of the blood lust that was generated at the time, with their rabble-rousing writing.Another reaction to the Invasion by the Argentinians was that of fear and panic. This occurred when the economy and stock market was negatively moved(p) by the loss of the Falklands. The pound was decreasing in value which led to fears about increases in interest rates which would affect all businesses and home owners. As well as this over the few long time following the invasion i5,000 million was wiped from share values in the stock market. The uncertainty resulted in a wave of fast selling of shares.In conclusion I feel that the main reaction of the British was initially that of anger, towards both Margaret Thatcher and her government (for failing to defend the islands adequately) and also increasingly towards the Argentinian military government for attacking them in the first place. After this came other responses that stem from anger such as embarrassment, humiliation, wound national pride and the desire to put the whole thing right again. It is clear from the evidence that the media had a huge effect on the reactions that were expressed.

Chemistry lab on saturated and unsaturated fats Essay

This experiment has also been trialled using KMnO4(aq) (0.0005 breakwater dm ) as the indicator. This turns from purple to colourless maculation unsaturation is still present. The procedure is the same as for bromine water, but portions of the potassium permanganate are added with swirling until the mixture fails to discover a colourless solution. The mixture requires more(prenominal) and more swirling as the amount of potassium permanganate increases. Warming fats in the Volasil using a beaker of hot water helps the fat dissolve and also speeds up the reaction.see morechemistry matriculationThis experiment should be done in a fume-cupboard with ready filled burettes. ground theorySaturation and unsaturation.Classic chemistry experiments21 sanctuaryWear eye protection.Answers1. Depends on what is supplied.2. measure the fats and oils and calculating the exact amount of bromine water used per mole.3. Unsaturated compounds contain double covalent bonds.Classic chemistry experiment sUnsaturationin fats and oilsIntroductionAdvertisements often refer to unsaturated fats and oils. This experiment gives a resemblance of unsaturation in various oils.Burettecontainingbromine waterConical flaskOil and VolasilWhite coverWhat to recordVolume of bromine water required for each oil.What to do1. Using a pap pipette, add five drops of olive oil to 5 cm of Volasil in a conical flask. 32. Use a burette filled with a dilute solution of bromine water (0.02 mol dm ) (Harmful and irritant). Read the burette.3. Run the bromine water slowly into the oil solution. Shake vigorously after(prenominal) each addition. The yellow colour of bromine disappears as bromine reacts with the oil. Continue adding bromine water to gain a permanent yellow colour. 4. Read the burette. Subtract to find the volume of bromine water involve in the titration.5. Repeat the experiment with five drops of cooking oil (vegetable) and five drops of cooking oil (animal).SafetyWear eye protection.Question s1. Which sample is the most saturated and which is the most unsaturated? 2. This comparison is only approximate. How could the method acting be improved? 3. What does unsaturated mean?

Making Dreams Reality Trudeau’s Just Society

Making Dreams Reality Trudeaus Just union capital of South Dakota Elliot Trudeau, Canadas 15th prime minister, has always dreamed of Canada becoming a united society. This intellection was announced and introduced after(prenominal) his candidacy in 1968. He described his idea of a Just partnership as adept that one in which all of our people will have the means and the penury to participate, in which personal and policy-making freedom will be more securely ensured than it has ever been in the past, in which the right fields of minorities will be safe from the whims of intolerant studyities, in which those regions and groups which have not fully shared out in the countrys affluence will be given a better opportunity. 1 Trudeau valued Canada to become a united society that is independent from Britain and the U. S. A2 The term Just gild was used in 1968 during Trudeaumania .The Just troupe Trudeau dreamed of was excessively a country that will be bicultural because of its justice toward society. A society with justice means that every individual will have freedom, but they will also have responsibilities. Justice also gives people rights that must not be abused. In allege to get a line likenity among citizens, people should help protect those in society who are vulnerable to subjection or prejudice. 3 Trudeau was an efficient prime minister who greatly changed Canada and turned it into a Just SocietyTrudeau, unlike the preliminary prime ministers who made minimal attempts to make Canada an independent country from Britain and the U. S, applied m whatever changes that allowed Canada to be independent. To begin, one of Trudeaus contributions to Canada was in 1976 when Trudeau successfully allowed Canada to be a part of G7, a group of seven major economic plys4. This was Canadas own choice and did not require Britains approval in order to join. Moreover, in 1982 Trudeau passed a throwaway called Canadian mesh of Rights and Freedoms. This was a h uge step for Canadas independence.The Canadian Charter allowed Canada to have fundamental freedom, democratic rights, and more which led to the character answer of 1982. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom guaranteed the rights and freedoms to a certain extent, which allowed Canadians to make more of their own decisions while regarding the law. Finally, on November 5, 1982, 114 years after the Confederation, Trudeau and nine opposite premiers made The Constitution Act which would finally allow Canadas independence. This meant that Canada was free from British and American legislation. 5 The Constitution Act was signed by Queen Elizabeth II to make it official and it granted Canadians representative Rights, Mobility Rights, Legal Rights, Equality Rights, Official Languages of Canada Minority Language, and Educational Rights. 6 Any changes required the approval of the Canadian Parliament and 7 of the 10 provincial legislatures that make up at least 50% of boilers suit pop ulation of Canada. 7 In doing this, Canada on the fence(p)ed its doors to others ensuring everyone receives an equal chance. In conclusion, Trudeau made various changes that increased Canadas independence.The persona Act of 1982 was merely a part of Trudeaus dream of a Just Society, he also wanted Canada to be a bicultural country where everyone was welcomed no matter what their nationality, or background was. First, due to the fact that Trudeau was both a French and English, he wanted Canada to become a bilingual country. 8 concisely he enforced bill 22 which was a part of the Constitution Act and was under the key out of the Official Languages of Canada and Minority Language Educational Rights. 9 This made Canada a more united country.Also, before the bill was passed most of Canadas citizens were divided into two groups. One half of the country was the French Canadians, while the other half were the English Canadians. Trudeau wanted to go in a country in which French Canadia ns chose to live among English Canadians and English Canadians chose to live among French Canadians without abandoning their cultural heritage. The bills which Trudeau created made French and English the official languages of Canada. In Bill 22 it was made sure that French is the official language of Quebec and ensured that newcomers will become a part of the French-speaking community.In addition, during the Constitution Conference one of the decisions made was that French-speaking Canadians outside of Quebec were expected to be treated equally to English-speaking Canadians. 10 Trudeau welcomed all and introduced the immigration act in 1976. The act gave more power to the provinces to set their own immigration laws. Soon Canadas population grew because of this because immigrants felt safe and welcomed. In doing this Canada is open to others and is able to communicate more with other countries.This allowed Canadas economy to grow and be more successful. In conclusion, Trudeau also pr omoted equality within the Canada. To further ensure equality within the country, Trudeau wanted to apply political equalities. Firstly, Trudeau was neither a dictator nor a fascist leader. The Just Society Trudeau dreamed of allowed everyone to have freedoms that he was not intending to ever take away. Trudeau did not want to cause any problems due to extreme stop such as the Holocaust of 1941-1945. Also, Trudeau wanted Canada to be a democratic country.He wanted everyone to have an equal opportunity and believed that the growing gap between the rich and poor between his home and Third reality countries should be reduced. When Trudeau was the justice minister he introduced legislation that expanded grounds for divorce and abortions and stopped penalties for homosexual acts between two people. When Trudeau was still the justice minister of Canada, he stated, Theres no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation. 11 Lastly, Trudeau often referred to the Constitution Act in o rder to lead his nation because it allowed Democratic Rights, Mobility Rights, and Legal Rights.The Democratic Rights allowed every Canadian citizen to vote, Mobility Rights allowed every citizen the right to leave, enter or remain in Canada, and Legal Rights allowed the right to life, liberty and security of a person. In doing this, Trudeau made every Canadian feel like any other person. In conclusion, Trudeau gave Canadians many opportunities to be equal as a nation. In end, the Just Society Trudeau dreamed of, was achieved through many methods and he managed to do many amazing things and turn the Just Society into a reality.He transformed Canada into a new country, a new nation completely independent from the British and Americans. Trudeau Created equality for Canada nationally and internationally. If Trudeau did not step up at the time Canada would not be where it is straight and all of us should be very thankful for it. Bibliography * WORDS WOE & WONDER http//www. cbc. ca/ new s show/indepth/words/misquotes. html * debate on the introduction of the Official Languages Bill, October 17, 1968 http//www. collectionscanada. gc. ca/primeministers/h4-4066-e. html * Pierre Trudeau http//www. canadahistory. com/sections/ governance/pm/pierretrudeau. tm * Constitution Act 1982 http//laws. justice. gc. ca/en/const/9. htmlanchorsc7 * The Constitution Act 1982 Trudeaus greatest victory http//www. sharenews. com/features/2010/06/16/constitution-act-1982-trudeaus-greatest-victory * Pierre Elliott Trudeau Philosopher and Prime Minister http//archives. cbc. ca/politics/prime_ministers/topics/2192/ * Official Statement by the Prime Minister, The Just Society, June 10, 1968 http//archives. cbc. ca/politics/prime_ministers/clips/13269/ Towards a Just Society A Literacy and Human Rights Educational Resource Reader, 81-82 * http//peacefulschoolsinternational. rg/smf/index. php? action=dl attachtopic=363. 0attach=182 * Pierre Elliot Trudeau http//www. suite101. com/content/pi erre-elliott-trudeau-a141463 * antic English, Citizen Of The World The Life Of Pierre Elliot Trudeau Volume One 1919 1968 (Vintage Canada Edition, 2007) * John English, Just Watch Me The Life Of Pierre Elliot Trudeau 1968-2000 (Alfred A. Knopf Canada) 1 Official Statement by the Prime Minister, The Just Society, June 10, 1968 http//archives. cbc. ca/politics/prime_ministers/clips/13269/ (accessed December 8, 2010) 2 ibid 3 Towards a Just Society A Literacy and Human Rights Educational Resource Reader, 81-82http//peacefulschoolsinternational. org/smf/index. php? action=dlattachtopic=363. 0attach=182(accessed December 8, 2010) 4 Pierre Elliot Trudeau http//www. suite101. com/content/pierre-elliott-trudeau-a141463 (accessed December 8, 2010) 5 Pierre Trudeau http//www. canadahistory. com/sections/politics/pm/pierretrudeau. htm (accessed December 8 2010) 6 Constitution Act 1982 http//laws. justice. gc. ca/en/const/9. htmlanchorsc7 (accessed December 8 2010) 7 The Constitution Act 1 982 Trudeaus greatest victory

Egyptian and Mesoptamian Creation Story Comparison Essay

The Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations are similar yet differ in the way in which they were created. Civilizations were created geezerhood and years ago with many mythological characters and beliefs. Religion, gender, culture, gods, and society are impact the creation of these civilizations.In to each one of these civilizations, we come from the same place, the Water. In the Egyptian creation story, the first thing that existed was the ocean. The ocean consequently located an egg that hatched, Ra, the sun. Once Ra the sun was born, then came gods and goddesses, atmosphere, the Earth, and so on. In the Mesopotamian creation story, everything began with the water. From the water, sea monsters and gods were born. The gods then began to create life. The water played a huge role on the creation of us and who we are. two the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations believe in Polytheism. The Egyptian creation story takes place with many different gods and goddesses. Ra, the sun, b rought these gods forth. The gods were Shu and Geb opus the goddesses were Tefnut and Nut. Each of these gods was then the creator of something. In Mesopotamian society gods were brought to the demonstrate, which then were the creators of everything.Gender played a picture in each of these creation stories. The stories differ on the roles of Gender. In Egypt, they had respect for women and were treated identical to men. For example, Shu, a god, and Tefnut, a goddess together created the atmosphere. The Mesopotamians take on gender was that male and distaff were not equal. For example, Tiamat, the female creator, tries to take control. Her descendants unite against her, choosing one of their number Marduk, the god of Babylon to lead them.In conclusion, the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations are very similar. This leads me to believe that all civilizations are related when it dates back to the year in which they were created. These creation stories wholly differed in one ma jor category, which were gender roles. Overall, the relationship between Egyptian and Mesopotamian creation stories were very similar.